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==varieties==
==varieties==
<u>verb</u>


==cognates==
* <span class="fryas">SKINA</span> (3rd p./plur./pres.: ''seem'') - U4-1
* <span class="fryas">SKINTH</span> (2nd p./plur./pres.: ''seem''; 3rd p./sing./pres.: ''shines'') - R2a, U4-2 (3x)
* <span class="fryas">SKINDE</span> (3rd p./sing./past: ''seemed'') - S1c
 
<u>> derived verb</u>
 
* <span class="fryas">FORSKINE, FORSKINA</span> (inf.: ''to face, show, appear'') - K2-1/2, R4b-1 (2x)
* <span class="fryas">FORSKINNEN</span> (perfect: ''appeared'') - Zc-1
 
<u>noun</u>
 
* <span class="fryas">SKIN</span> (sing.) - 10b (''illusion''), R4a (''emergence'')
* <span class="fryas">SKINA, SKINNA</span> (plur.: ''ghosts, specters'') - Y, Zc-2
 
<u>> in expression</u>
 
* <span class="fryas">BY SKIN, BY.SKIN</span> (''by appearance'', ''possibly'') - F2-2, K3a, L2a
* <span class="fryas">EN GODE SKIN</span> (''a good appearance'', ''an illusion of being benign'') - K3c
* <span class="fryas">BLIK ÀND SKIN</span> (''garishness and gloss'') - N1
* <span class="fryas">FRÁNA SKIN</span> (''hypocrisy'', lit.: ''pious appearance'') - T2c
 
<u>compound noun</u>


==dictionaries==
* <span class="fryas">SKIN.SLÁVONA</span> (''apparent/seeming slaves'') - Cb
* <span class="fryas">SKIN.ORLOCH</span> (''war games'', ''military exercise'', lit.: ''apparent war'') - Za-1, Za-2


==fragments==
<u>derived noun</u>


* <span class="fryas">FORSKINSLA</span> (''emergences'') - R4b-2
* <span class="fryas">AFSKINSLE</span> (''semblance'') - R4b-3


1b. Adela’s Advice
<u>compound adjective</u>


[003/05] THÁ THA SKIN.SLÁVONA VSA TÁL MÀCHTICH WÉRON
* <span class="fryas">SKIN.HÉLIGA</span> (''hypocritical, pseudo-holy'') - D3b
* <span class="fryas">SKIN.FRÁNA</span> (''hypocritical, pseudo-pious'') - T2a, U3b


2d. Finda was Yellow
<u>modal adverb</u>


[009/01] SKIN.HÉLIGA BÀRN
* <span class="fryas">SKINBÉR</span> (''seemingly, apparently, ostensibly'') - F2-1


4f. Minerva
==cognates==
<u>noun:</u>


[038/15] THA SKINBÉR VNDERE HODA FON FÀSTA VSA FORMA ÉRE.MODER
* shine, sheen - English
* schijn (illusion/appearance) - Dutch
* schijnsel (glow) - Dutch
* schein (sham/shine/appearance) - German
* skiá (shadow) - Greek
* chāyā́ (shadow, reflection) - Sanskrit


[/25] THACH THI RÉD WAS BY SKIN UT HJARA MVLUN
<u>verb:</u>


8b. Wodin and the Magus
* shine, sheen - English
* skine - Frisian
* schijnen (to shine/seem/appear/lighten/sheen) - Dutch
* scheinen (to shine/seem/appear) - German
* skinne (to shine/glisten) - Danish, Norse
* skína (to shine) - Icelandic, Old Norse
* skīnan - Old Saxon
* skeinan (to shine, appear) - Gothic


[055/05] KÁT THÉR NAVT TOFÁRA THÉRE MODER NER TOFÁRA THÉRE MÉNA ACHT FORSKINE NILDE.
==fragments==


[/15] NE THVRADON N.A WITHER FORSKINA
[[EN001.16 Adela|Cb. Adela’s Advice]]


8c. Tunis and Inka Depart
* [003/05] <span class="fryas">THÁ THA SKIN.SLÁVONA VSA TÁL MÀCHTICH WÉRON</span>


[057/15] INKA MÉNDE THAT.ER BY.SKIN WEL EN HACH DÉL FON ÁT.LAND BY WÍSA FON É.LAND VRBILÉWEN [20] SKOLDE WÉSA
[[EN007.30 Finda|D3b. Finda]]


8e. The Idolatrous Gools
* [009/01] <span class="fryas">SKIN.HÉLIGA BÀRN</span>


[060/25] VMB IRA SELVA NW EN GODE SKIN TO JÉVANE
[[EN033.22 Minerva|F2. Minerva]]


9d. Jon and Minerva Resettle
* [038/15] <span class="fryas">THA SKINBÉR VNDERE HODA FON FÀSTA VSA FORMA ÉRE.MODER</span>
* [/25] <span class="fryas">THACH THI RÉD <u>WAS BY SKIN</u></span> (''only seemed'', lit.: ''was by appearance'') <span class="fryas">UT HJARA MVLUN</span>


[069/10] HIR SÉIDE MIN.ERVA SKIL BY SKIN NÉN FRÉSE TOFARA FORSTUM [15] NACH PRESTERUM NÉDICH WÉSA
[[EN053.12 Wodin|K2. Wodin]]


10b. Athenia
* [055/05] <span class="fryas">KÁT THÉR NAVT TOFÁRA THÉRE MODER NER TOFÁRA THÉRE MÉNA ACHT FORSKINE NILDE.</span>
* [/15] <span class="fryas">NE THVRADON N.A WITHER FORSKINA</span>


[077/15] FON ÉLIK SA ÀND FON FRYDOM HA NAVT ÔWERS AS THA SKIN ÀND THA NÔME VR BILÉF
[[EN056.21 Tunis|K3a. Tunis and Inka]]


11a. Denmarks Lost
* [057/15] <span class="fryas">THAT.ER BY.SKIN WEL EN HACH DÉL (...) VRBILÉWEN SKOLDE WÉSA</span>


[080/05] HJARA LICHÉMA [10] WRDON BILÁDEN MITH BLIK ÀND SKIN
[[EN060.12 Gola|K3c. The Gola]]


13b. A Treacherous Maid
* [060/25] <span class="fryas">VMB IRA SELVA NW EN GODE SKIN</span> (''the illusion that they were benign'', lit.: ''a good appearance'') <span class="fryas">TO JÉVANE</span>


[091/25] J ALLE SKINTH ÀRG TO [30] HEFTANE AN ADELA.S RÉD
[[EN068.17 Mediterranean|L2a. Jon and Minerva]]


13e. Primal Teachings 1
* [069/10] <span class="fryas">HIR (...) <u>SKIL BY SKIN</u></span> (''it seems'', lit.: ''shall by appearance'') <span class="fryas">NÉN FRÉSE (...) NÉDICH WÉSA</span>


[099/30] THÉRVMBE IS HY ALLÉNA WÉSA. ÀND AL ET ORA SKIN
[[EN076.13 Athenia|Mb. Athenia]]


13f. Primal Teachings 2
* [077/15] <span class="fryas">FON ÉLIK SA ÀND FON FRYDOM HA NAVT ÔWERS AS THA SKIN ÀND THA NÔME VR BILÉF</span>


[102/05] THIT ELLA SEND FLIUCHTICHA THINGA THAM THRVCH WR.ALDA.S LÉVA FORSKINA. THACH THÉR THRVCH SIN WISHÉD SÁDÁNE ÀND NAVT OWERS NAVT NE FORSKINA.
[[EN079.11 Denmarks|N1. The Denmarks]]


[103/05] WY FRYA.S BERN SEND FORSKINSLA THRVCH WR.ALDA.S LÉVA.
* [080/05] <span class="fryas">HJARA LICHÉMA WRDON BILÁDEN MITH BLIK ÀND SKIN</span>


[/10] VSA GÁST NIS NAVT WR.ALDAS GÁST. HI IS THÉRFON ALLÉNA EN AFSKINSLE.
[[EN091.11 Treason|R2a. A Treacherous Maid]]


14b. Gosa
* [091/25] <span class="fryas">J ALLE SKINTH ÀRG TO HEFTANE AN ADELA.S RÉD</span>


[117/20] NW ELLA TOMET VRLÉREN SKINDE
[[EN097.28 Teachings1|R4a. Primal Teachings 1]]


15b. Hellenia
* [099/30] <span class="fryas">THÉRVMBE IS HY ALLÉNA WÉSA. ÀND AL ET ORA SKIN</span>


[135/25] THA LÀFA SKIN.FRÁNA PRESTARA
[[EN100.01 Teachings2|R4b. Primal Teachings 2]]


15c. Yesus or Buda
* [102/05] <span class="fryas">THIT ELLA SEND FLIUCHTICHA THINGA THAM THRVCH WR.ALDA.S LÉVA FORSKINA. THACH THÉR THRVCH SIN WISHÉD SÁDÁNE ÀND NAVT OWERS NAVT NE FORSKINA.</span>
* [103/05] <span class="fryas">WY FRYA.S BERN SEND FORSKINSLA THRVCH WR.ALDA.S LÉVA.</span>
* [/10] <span class="fryas">VSA GÁST NIS NAVT WR.ALDAS GÁST. HI IS THÉRFON ALLÉNA EN AFSKINSLE.</span>


[140/10] THAS LÉRE HWÉRBI THA PRESTERA NÉN ORE WITSKIP HOVA AS [15] DROCHTLIK RÉDA. FRÁNA SKIN ÀND VNRJUCHTA PLÉGA.
[[EN117.20 Blacks|S1c. The Black Men]]


16e. Gosa
* [117/20] <span class="fryas">NW ELLA TOMET VRLÉREN SKINDE</span>


[162/15] ALLE SKIN.FRÁNA ÀND SMÛGRIGA PRESTERA
[[EN134.22 Disobedience|T2a. Clanking Chains]]


16f. Liudgeart
* [135/25] <span class="fryas">THA LÀFA SKIN.FRÁNA PRESTARA</span>


[167/20] DORRA GÉST.LANDA THÉR VN.ENDLIK SKINA
[[EN138.24 Priests|T2c. Bald Priests in Rags]]


[168/05] ÀND THJU SVNNE FON TOP SKINTH. THEN SKIN SE LIN.RJUCHT [10] VPPA JOW HOLE DEL. (...) SÁ SKINTH SVNNE ÀJEN THINE WINSTERE SÍDE
* [140/10] <span class="fryas">THAS LÉRE HWÉRBI THA PRESTERA NÉN ORE WITSKIP HOVA AS DROCHTLIK RÉDA. FRÁNA SKIN ÀND VNRJUCHTA PLÉGA.</span>


18. Rika
[[EN157.32 Gosa|U3b. Gosa: Purity of Language]]


[192/20] JOW SKINA SKILUN VRFÉRTH FON [25] UT.A GRÉVUM RÍSA.
* [162/15] <span class="fryas">ALLE SKIN.FRÁNA ÀND SMÛGRIGA PRESTERA</span>


19a. Askar Prepares for War
[[EN163.10 Panjab|U4. Liudgeart: Panj-ab]]


[196/05] HJA SKOLDON [10] JÉRLIKIS VPPET KÀMP KVMA ÀND THÉR SKIN.ORLOCH MÁKJA.
* [167/20] <span class="fryas">DORRA GÉST.LANDA THÉR VN.ENDLIK SKINA</span>
* [168/05] <span class="fryas">ÀND THJU SVNNE FON TOP SKINTH. THEN SKIN[TH] SE LIN.RJUCHT VPPA JOW HOLE DEL. (...) SÁ SKINTH SVNNE ÀJEN THINE WINSTERE SÍDE</span>


[/15] AS THÉR KIRT ÀFTER WITHER SKIN.ORLOCH HALDEN WARTH
[[EN189.01 Titles|Y. Rika: Title Theft]]


19c. Reintia’s Dream
* [192/20] <span class="fryas">JOW SKINA SKILUN VRFÉRTH FON UT.A GRÉVUM RÍSA.</span>


[202/30] NÉI [203] THONGAR WÉRON FRIA.S SJVGUN WÁK.FÁMKES HJA ANDA DRÁME FORSKINNEN.
[[EN195.01 Preparation|Za. War Games]]


[203/15] THÀN SKILUN THA SKINNA JOWRE ÉTHLA JO KVMA WEKJA
* [196/05] <span class="fryas">HJA SKOLDON JÉRLIKIS VPPET KÀMP KVMA ÀND THÉR SKIN.ORLOCH MÁKJA.</span>
* [/15] <span class="fryas">AS THÉR KIRT ÀFTER WITHER SKIN.ORLOCH HALDEN WARTH</span>


==discussion==
[[EN202.06 Reintia|Zc. Reintia’s Dream]]


* Ottema: Toen de schijn-slaven...
* [202/30] <span class="fryas">NÉI THONGAR WÉRON FRIA.S SJVGUN WÁK.FÁMKES HJA ANDA DRÁME FORSKINNEN.</span>
* Sandbach: When these pretended prisoners had learned our language...
* [203/15] <span class="fryas">THÀN SKILUN THA SKINNA JOWRE ÉTHLA JO KVMA WEKJA</span>
* Wirth: Als die Scheinsklaven...
* Overwijn (1+2): Toen de schijn-slaven...
* Sturm: Als diese Scheinsklaven...
* Pierce: When the seeming slaves...
* Menkens: Als die Scheinsklaven...
* Jensma: Toen de schijn-Slaven...
* De Heer: Nadat de schijn-slaven...


==notes==
==discussion==
<references />
* Ottema: ''Toen de schijn-slaven...''
* Sandbach: ''When these pretended prisoners had learned our language...''
* Wirth: ''Als die Scheinsklaven...''
* Overwijn (1+2): ''Toen de schijn-slaven...''
* Sturm: ''Als diese Scheinsklaven...''
* Pierce: ''When the seeming slaves...''
* Menkens: ''Als die Scheinsklaven...''
* Jensma: ''Toen de schijn-Slaven...''
* De Heer: ''Nadat de schijn-slaven...''
[[Category:Word Studies]]
[[Category:Word Studies]]

Latest revision as of 10:03, 9 May 2026

[unfinished study]

varieties

verb

  • SKINA (3rd p./plur./pres.: seem) - U4-1
  • SKINTH (2nd p./plur./pres.: seem; 3rd p./sing./pres.: shines) - R2a, U4-2 (3x)
  • SKINDE (3rd p./sing./past: seemed) - S1c

> derived verb

  • FORSKINE, FORSKINA (inf.: to face, show, appear) - K2-1/2, R4b-1 (2x)
  • FORSKINNEN (perfect: appeared) - Zc-1

noun

  • SKIN (sing.) - 10b (illusion), R4a (emergence)
  • SKINA, SKINNA (plur.: ghosts, specters) - Y, Zc-2

> in expression

  • BY SKIN, BY.SKIN (by appearance, possibly) - F2-2, K3a, L2a
  • EN GODE SKIN (a good appearance, an illusion of being benign) - K3c
  • BLIK ÀND SKIN (garishness and gloss) - N1
  • FRÁNA SKIN (hypocrisy, lit.: pious appearance) - T2c

compound noun

  • SKIN.SLÁVONA (apparent/seeming slaves) - Cb
  • SKIN.ORLOCH (war games, military exercise, lit.: apparent war) - Za-1, Za-2

derived noun

  • FORSKINSLA (emergences) - R4b-2
  • AFSKINSLE (semblance) - R4b-3

compound adjective

  • SKIN.HÉLIGA (hypocritical, pseudo-holy) - D3b
  • SKIN.FRÁNA (hypocritical, pseudo-pious) - T2a, U3b

modal adverb

  • SKINBÉR (seemingly, apparently, ostensibly) - F2-1

cognates

noun:

  • shine, sheen - English
  • schijn (illusion/appearance) - Dutch
  • schijnsel (glow) - Dutch
  • schein (sham/shine/appearance) - German
  • skiá (shadow) - Greek
  • chāyā́ (shadow, reflection) - Sanskrit

verb:

  • shine, sheen - English
  • skine - Frisian
  • schijnen (to shine/seem/appear/lighten/sheen) - Dutch
  • scheinen (to shine/seem/appear) - German
  • skinne (to shine/glisten) - Danish, Norse
  • skína (to shine) - Icelandic, Old Norse
  • skīnan - Old Saxon
  • skeinan (to shine, appear) - Gothic

fragments

Cb. Adela’s Advice

  • [003/05] THÁ THA SKIN.SLÁVONA VSA TÁL MÀCHTICH WÉRON

D3b. Finda

  • [009/01] SKIN.HÉLIGA BÀRN

F2. Minerva

  • [038/15] THA SKINBÉR VNDERE HODA FON FÀSTA VSA FORMA ÉRE.MODER
  • [/25] THACH THI RÉD WAS BY SKIN (only seemed, lit.: was by appearance) UT HJARA MVLUN

K2. Wodin

  • [055/05] KÁT THÉR NAVT TOFÁRA THÉRE MODER NER TOFÁRA THÉRE MÉNA ACHT FORSKINE NILDE.
  • [/15] NE THVRADON N.A WITHER FORSKINA

K3a. Tunis and Inka

  • [057/15] THAT.ER BY.SKIN WEL EN HACH DÉL (...) VRBILÉWEN SKOLDE WÉSA

K3c. The Gola

  • [060/25] VMB IRA SELVA NW EN GODE SKIN (the illusion that they were benign, lit.: a good appearance) TO JÉVANE

L2a. Jon and Minerva

  • [069/10] HIR (...) SKIL BY SKIN (it seems, lit.: shall by appearance) NÉN FRÉSE (...) NÉDICH WÉSA

Mb. Athenia

  • [077/15] FON ÉLIK SA ÀND FON FRYDOM HA NAVT ÔWERS AS THA SKIN ÀND THA NÔME VR BILÉF

N1. The Denmarks

  • [080/05] HJARA LICHÉMA WRDON BILÁDEN MITH BLIK ÀND SKIN

R2a. A Treacherous Maid

  • [091/25] J ALLE SKINTH ÀRG TO HEFTANE AN ADELA.S RÉD

R4a. Primal Teachings 1

  • [099/30] THÉRVMBE IS HY ALLÉNA WÉSA. ÀND AL ET ORA SKIN

R4b. Primal Teachings 2

  • [102/05] THIT ELLA SEND FLIUCHTICHA THINGA THAM THRVCH WR.ALDA.S LÉVA FORSKINA. THACH THÉR THRVCH SIN WISHÉD SÁDÁNE ÀND NAVT OWERS NAVT NE FORSKINA.
  • [103/05] WY FRYA.S BERN SEND FORSKINSLA THRVCH WR.ALDA.S LÉVA.
  • [/10] VSA GÁST NIS NAVT WR.ALDAS GÁST. HI IS THÉRFON ALLÉNA EN AFSKINSLE.

S1c. The Black Men

  • [117/20] NW ELLA TOMET VRLÉREN SKINDE

T2a. Clanking Chains

  • [135/25] THA LÀFA SKIN.FRÁNA PRESTARA

T2c. Bald Priests in Rags

  • [140/10] THAS LÉRE HWÉRBI THA PRESTERA NÉN ORE WITSKIP HOVA AS DROCHTLIK RÉDA. FRÁNA SKIN ÀND VNRJUCHTA PLÉGA.

U3b. Gosa: Purity of Language

  • [162/15] ALLE SKIN.FRÁNA ÀND SMÛGRIGA PRESTERA

U4. Liudgeart: Panj-ab

  • [167/20] DORRA GÉST.LANDA THÉR VN.ENDLIK SKINA
  • [168/05] ÀND THJU SVNNE FON TOP SKINTH. THEN SKIN[TH] SE LIN.RJUCHT VPPA JOW HOLE DEL. (...) SÁ SKINTH SVNNE ÀJEN THINE WINSTERE SÍDE

Y. Rika: Title Theft

  • [192/20] JOW SKINA SKILUN VRFÉRTH FON UT.A GRÉVUM RÍSA.

Za. War Games

  • [196/05] HJA SKOLDON JÉRLIKIS VPPET KÀMP KVMA ÀND THÉR SKIN.ORLOCH MÁKJA.
  • [/15] AS THÉR KIRT ÀFTER WITHER SKIN.ORLOCH HALDEN WARTH

Zc. Reintia’s Dream

  • [202/30] NÉI THONGAR WÉRON FRIA.S SJVGUN WÁK.FÁMKES HJA ANDA DRÁME FORSKINNEN.
  • [203/15] THÀN SKILUN THA SKINNA JOWRE ÉTHLA JO KVMA WEKJA

discussion

  • Ottema: Toen de schijn-slaven...
  • Sandbach: When these pretended prisoners had learned our language...
  • Wirth: Als die Scheinsklaven...
  • Overwijn (1+2): Toen de schijn-slaven...
  • Sturm: Als diese Scheinsklaven...
  • Pierce: When the seeming slaves...
  • Menkens: Als die Scheinsklaven...
  • Jensma: Toen de schijn-Slaven...
  • De Heer: Nadat de schijn-slaven...
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