ACHA (ÁCHA): Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 09:05, 2 April 2026

Auxiliary verb ÁCHA

The Old Frisian syntactic construct aga te (ought to, shall, must) + gerund has been subject of a study published in Aspects of Old Frisian philology.^[1]

The verb was also part of a short discussion between Ahnenerbe and translator Cornelis Duinker in 1938 (see below).

Considering the exceptional use in OL ch. D4 [012/07], the best fitting Dutch translation of the word would be behoren (assumed to be dreived from horen; to hear), which can be used in two ways:

behoren aan: belong to/ be owned by;
behoren te + inf.: ought to + inf.

Note the similarity with ÁGON - eyes, HÁCH - high.

Infinite form is not used, but might have been ÁCHA^[2]/ HAGA (ought to, shall, must): no present-past variety.

(Possibly related: noun ACHT and verb ACHTja.)

singular:

IK/ ER ÁCH (10x)/ ER ÁGATH (1x)
THV ACHST(-E/-V) (4x)

plural:

WI/ HJA AGON (8x)/ ACHON (3x)/ HAGON (2x)/ HJA HAGATH (1x)
J HAGATH/ AGHAT (both only one)

The verb ÁCHA is used 31 times, once as a main verb and 30 times as an auxiliary verb, twice of the latter in combination with more than one main verb (fragments 20: 2 and 26: 3). The number of main verbs supported by ÁCHA, therefore, is 33.

Exceptional uses, in order frequency

1) Verb ACHA

1/31 fragment 3 (Frya's Tex): as main verb, meaning belong to.
1/31 fragment 4 (Frya's Tex): spelling -GH- (AGHAT); -AT instead of -ATH is also unusual..
4/31 fragments 1, 2 (Adela), 20a (Helpers Adela), 21 (Primal Teachings): verb starts with H- (2x HAGATH, 2x HAGON).
4/31 fragments 1, 2 (Adela), 3, 4 (Frya's Tex): conjugation ending -ATH (1x -at), both for plural and singular.
3/13 fragments 7 (Laws 1), 18, (Laws 2), 25 (Liudgert 1): plural form ending -ON is spelled with -CH-: ACHON; the more common form is (H)AGON.

2) Supported main verb

1/33 fragment 9 (Minno): without TO: MÀN ACH WÉIZARJA. (In fragment 20b. LÉTA also lacks TO, but borrows from 20a. TO TELLA.)
5/33 fragments 9 (Minno), 16, 18 (Laws 2), 20a, 20b (Helpers Adela): verb does not end with -NDE (found 7x), -NA (found 4x) or -NE (found 17x), rather it is a basic infinitive: WÉIZARJA, SÉKA, FORMYDA, TELLA, LÉTA.

The verbs more than once supported by ACHA are:

TO LÉTA(NE) (4x),
TO WÉRANE/-A (3x) and
TO NVDANDE/ NJODANE/ NJVDANE (3x.)

Fragments

Cb. Adela’s Advice

1. [004/26] SA HAGATH J TO NVDANDE THAT (...) / you [formal or plural] ought to urge

2. [005/02] AL THISSA TÀLLINGA HAGATH DÉN TO WERTHANDE / tellings ought to become (done)

D4. Frya's Tex

3. [012/07] THJUS ÁGATH WRALDAS GÁST / this belongs to (...)

4. [013/12] ALSA AGHAT J TO HELPANE HJAM / you [formal or plural] ought to help

Ea. Burg Laws

5. [018/10] SA ÁCH HJU THAM BY STONDA TO JÉWANE / she ought to give

Ee. Security

6. [025/18] SA ACH THA MÉNA MÉNTA (...) THAT WITHER TO HÉLÉNA / community ought to repair

7. [025/27] BY THA FÉSTUM ACHON HJA FORÁNA TO SITTANA / they ought to sit

F1c. Useful Precedents

8. [029/29] SA ACH MAN THÀT RÉDER ÀFTERWÉJA TO LÉTANE / one ought to leave/let

9. [030/06] SA ACH MÀN THAT WÉIZARJA / one ought (to) refuse

10. [030/18] SA ACH MAN ALLÉNA ALDVLKERA TO KJASANE / one ought to choose/elect

11. [030/23] SA AGON THA ÔRA THAT TO WÉRANE / others ought to repel

12. [030/31] SÁ AGON WY MITH HASTE HÉI TO TO SLANA / we ought to strike

13.[030/32] AFSKÉN WI ÉLLA AGON TO DVANDE / we ought to do

F2. Minerva

14. [037/14] THÉRVMBE ACHSTV TO BIJINNANDE / you ought to begin

Gb. Regulations and Penalties

15. [041/10] THÉRVMBE ÁCH MÀN TO WÉRANA THÀM / one ought to repel

16. [041/13] JAHWÉDER JONG KERDEL ÁCH EN BRUD TO SÉKA / youngh-man ought to seek

17. [041/18] SÁ ACH EK MAN HIM UT SIN HUS TO WÉRANE / man ought to repel

18. [041/20] THA KNÁPA ACHON HIN TO FORMYDA / boys ought to avoid

L2a. Jon and Minerva

19. [070/27] THA AFTERKVMAND AGON TO WÉTANE THAT (...) / later generations ought to know

O. Afterword

20a/b. [087/15] THA FÁMNA HAGON THAM NÉI HJARA WÍSA TO TELLA ÀND WEL BISKRIVE LÉTA / maidens ought to narrate and (to) have/let (describe)

R4b. Teachings 2

21. [101/18] ALSA HÁGON THA FÁMNA HJAM FON BUTA TO LÉRANDE / maidens ought to teach

R6b. Along the Rhine

22. [111/22] HO THA MÀNNISKA AN THÉRE MINNE AGON TO LÉVANE / men ought to live

S1c. The Black Men

23. [118/03] THÀN ÁCHSTE SPOD TO MÁKJANDE / you ought to make

S2. A Fleet Arrives

24. [119/23] NW WI N MODER HÀVE AGON WI HJRA RÉD TO FRÉJANDE / we ought to ask

S3b. Demetrius and Friso

25. [128/20] WI ACHON AL FLJUCHTANDE TO FJUCHTANE / we ought to flee

T2b. Yesus of Kashmir

26a/b/c. [137/15] THÀT MÀN THÉR IN ÁCH TO DELVANE TO ERANE ÀND TO SÉJANE / one ought to dig, (to) plow and (to) sow

U2a. Motherless

27. [144/30] VMBE (...) ÁCH IK DUBBEL TO WAKANE THAT (...) / I ought to beware

U3b. Gosa: Purity of Language

28. [161/08] ALSA ACHST THV (...) NÉN ÔRE TÁLE OVIR THINA WÉRA NI KVMA TO LÉTANE / you ought to let (come)

29. [161/11] THÀN ACHST THV TO NJODANE TILTHJU (...) / you ought to urge

Za. War Games

30. [195/12] THÉRVMBE ÁGON WI TO NJVDANE THAT (...) / we ought to urge

31. [197/16] ALSA ÁGON THA KNÁPA (...) ÀFTERWÉIN TO LÉTANE / young-men ought to leave/let

1938 discussion Ahnenerbe - Duinker

Sievers → Duinker, 17-10-1938

(...) und vor allem falsch das Präteritopräsens fries. âch, Plur. âgon und Varianten. Ottema übersetzt das fries. Präteritopräsens stets mit behooren im Sinne von nhd. “sich geziemen”. Sie übertragen ständig (die Belege können beigebracht werden) mit “gehören”. In allen einschlägigen Fällen ist fries. âch, âgon und Var. im Nhd. einfach mit “Hat zu, haben zu” und folgendem Infinitiv zu übersetzen. Das ist wortwörtlich und wäre gutes, schlichtes Deutsch. Sie wissen aber offenbar nicht, was das fries. Verb eigentlich bedeutet, und so mühen Sie sich ständig an der holl. Übersetsung mit behooren ab (...)

Duinker → Sievers, 4-11-1938

Bei der Übersetzung der fr. Worte ach und achen mit gehören in der Bedeutung von geziemen, habe ich lange nachgedacht. Mit hat zu oder haben zu‚ wie Sie vorschlagen‚ habe ich mich nicht vereinigen können, denn haben zu ist gleich eines Befehls. Wenn man sagst: ”Sie haben einen Brief zu schreiben”, so ist das ein Befehl, während das achen mehr eine Bitte oder einen Wunsch [2] ausdrückt. Meiner Ansicht nach, könnte man das Wort besser mit möchte übersetzen. Ich werde die Übersetzung daraufhin nochmals durcharbeiten und das gehören durch möchten ersetzen.

Notes

↑ Author: Jelka Schilt; editor: Rolf H. Bremmer (1990, p.391).
↑ either with or without the accent; it is sometimes hardly distinguishable

[1] Author: Jelka Schilt; editor: Rolf H. Bremmer (1990, p.391).

[2] ther with or without the accent; it is sometimes hardly distinguishable

[1]

[2]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-=== Auxiliary verb ÁCHA ===
+'''Auxiliary verb <span class="fryas">ÁCHA</span>'''
-The Old Frisian syntactic construct ''aga te'' (ought to, shall, must) + gerund has been subject of a study by Jelka Schilt, published in ''[https://books.google.nl/books?id=uWa5X5qa9bAC&lpg=PP1&hl=nl&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false Aspects of Old Frisian philology]'' (1990, p.391), edited by Rolf H. Bremmer et al. I intend to discuss this study, after an inventory of the use of this construct in the Oera Linda-book (not only in the samples).
-Considering the exceptional use in 2d. [012/07], the best fitting Dutch translation of the word would be 'behoren' (allegedly dreived from 'horen'; to hear), which can be used in two ways:
+The Old Frisian syntactic construct ''aga te'' (ought to, shall, must) + gerund has been subject of a study published in ''[https://books.google.nl/books?id=uWa5X5qa9bAC&lpg=PP1&hl=nl&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false Aspects of Old Frisian philology].''<ref>Author: Jelka Schilt; editor: Rolf H. Bremmer (1990, p.391).</ref>
-) 'behoren aan': belong to/ be owned by;
+The verb was also part of a short discussion between Ahnenerbe and translator [[Cornelis Duinker]] in 1938 (see below).
-) 'behoren te + inf.': ought to + inf.
+Considering the exceptional use in OL [[EN009.18 Frya|ch. D4]] [012/07], the best fitting Dutch translation of the word would be ''behoren'' (assumed to be dreived from ''horen''; to hear), which can be used in two ways:
+# ''behoren aan'': belong to/ be owned by;
+# ''behoren te'' + inf.: ought to + inf.
+Note the similarity with <span class="fryas">ÁGON</span> - eyes, <span class="fryas">[[HÁCH]]</span> - high.
-Note the similarity with ÁGON - eyes, HÁCH - high.
+Infinite form is not used, but might have been <span class="fryas">ÁCHA</span><ref>either with or without the accent; it is sometimes hardly distinguishable</ref>'''/''' <span class="fryas">HAGA</span> (ought to, shall, must): no present-past variety.
-Infinite form is not used, but might have been '''ÁCHA*/ HAGA''' (ought to, shall, must): no present-past variety.
+(Possibly related: noun <span class="fryas">ACHT</span> and verb <span class="fryas">ACHTja</span>.)
-<nowiki>*</nowiki> either with or without the accent; it is sometimes hardly distinguishable
 <u>singular:</u>
-'''IK/ ER ÁCH''' (10x)'''/ ER ÁGATH''' (1x)
+* <span class="fryas">IK/ ER ÁCH</span> (10x)/ <span class="fryas">ER ÁGATH</span> (1x)
+* <span class="fryas">THV ACHST(-E/-V)</span> (4x)
-'''THV ACHST(-E/-V)''' (4x)
 <u>plural:</u>
-'''WI/ HJA AGON''' (8x)'''/ ACHON''' (3x)'''/ HAGON''' (2x)'''/ HJA HAGATH''' (1x)
+* <span class="fryas">WI/ HJA AGON</span> (8x)/ <span class="fryas">ACHON</span> (3x)/ <span class="fryas">HAGON</span> (2x)/ <span class="fryas">HJA HAGATH</span> (1x)
+* <span class="fryas">J HAGATH/ AGHAT</span> (both only one)
-'''J HAGATH/ AGHAT''' (both only one)
-The verb ÁCHA is used 31 times, once as a main verb and 30 times as an auxiliary verb, twice of the latter in combination with more than one main verb (fragments 20: 2 and 26: 3). The number of main verbs supported by ÁCHA, therefore, is 33.
-==Exceptional uses, in order frequency==
-) Verb ACHA
-*1/31 fragment 3 (Frya's Tex): '''as main verb, meaning 'belong to''''.
-*1/31 fragment 4 (Frya's Tex): '''spelling -GH-''' (AGHAT); -AT instead of -ATH is also unusual..
-*4/31 fragments 1, 2  (Adela), 20a (Helpers Adela), 21 (Primal Teachings): '''verb starts with H-''' (2x HAGATH, 2x HAGON).
-*4/31 fragments 1, 2 (Adela), 3, 4 (Frya's Tex): '''conjugation ending -ath''' (1x -at), both for plural and singular.
-*3/13 fragments 7 (Laws 1), 18, (Laws 2), 25 (Liudgert 1): '''plural form ending -ON is spelled with -CH-: ACHON'''; the more common form is (H)AGON.2) Supported main verb
-*1/33 fragment 9 (Minno): '''without 'TO'''': MÀN ACH WÉIZARJA. (In fragment 20b. LÉTA also lacks 'TO', but borrows from 20a. TO TELLA.)
-*5/33 fragments 9 (Minno), 16, 18 (Laws 2), 20a, 20b (Helpers Adela): '''verb does not end with -NDE''' (found 7x)''', -NA''' (found 4x) '''or -NE''' (found 17x), rather it is a basic infinitive: WÉIZARJA, SÉKA, FORMYDA, TELLA, LÉTA.The verbs more than once supported by ACHA are:
-*TO LÉTA(NE) (4x),
-*TO WÉRANE/-A (3x) and
-*TO NVDANDE/ NJODANE/ NJVDANE (3x.)
-==Fragments ==
-. [004/26] '''1b. Adela'''
-SA HAGATH '''J''' ''TO NVDANDE'' THAT (...) / you [formal or plural] ought to urge
-. [005/02] '''1b'''
-AL THISSA '''TÀLLINGA''' HAGATH ''DÉN'' ''TO WERTHANDE'' / tellings ought to be done
-. [012/07] '''2d. Frya's Tex'''
-'''THJUS''' ÁGATH WRALDAS GÁST / this ''belongs to'' (...)
-. [013/12] '''2d.'''
-ALSA AGHAT '''J''' ''TO HELPANE'' HJAM / you [formal or plural] ought to help
-. [018/10] '''3a. Laws 1'''
+The verb <span class="fryas">ÁCHA</span> is used 31 times, once as a main verb and 30 times as an auxiliary verb, twice of the latter in combination with more than one main verb (fragments 20: 2 and 26: 3). The number of main verbs supported by <span class="fryas">ÁCHA</span>, therefore, is 33.
-SA ÁCH '''HJU''' THAM BY STONDA ''TO JÉWANE'' / she ought to give
+== Exceptional uses, in order frequency ==
+<u>1) Verb <span class="fryas">ACHA</span></u>
-. [025/18] '''3c3. ,,'''
+*1/31 fragment 3 (Frya's Tex): '''as main verb, meaning ''belong to'''''.
+*1/31 fragment 4 (Frya's Tex): '''spelling''' <span class="fryas">-GH- (AGHAT); -AT</span> instead of <span class="fryas">-ATH</span> is also unusual..
+*4/31 fragments 1, 2  (Adela), 20a (Helpers Adela), 21 (Primal Teachings): '''verb starts with''' <span class="fryas">H-</span> (2x <span class="fryas">HAGATH</span>, 2x <span class="fryas">HAGON</span>).
+*4/31 fragments 1, 2 (Adela), 3, 4 (Frya's Tex): '''conjugation ending''' <span class="fryas">-ATH</span> (1x -at), both for plural and singular.
+*3/13 fragments 7 (Laws 1), 18, (Laws 2), 25 (Liudgert 1): '''plural form ending''' <span class="fryas">-ON</span> '''is spelled with''' <span class="fryas">-CH-: ACHON</span>; the more common form is <span class="fryas">(H)AGON</span>.
+<u>2) Supported main verb</u>
+*1/33 fragment 9 (Minno): '''without''' <span class="fryas">TO: MÀN ACH WÉIZARJA.</span> (In fragment 20b. <span class="fryas">LÉTA</span> also lacks <span class="fryas">TO</span>, but borrows from 20a. <span class="fryas">TO TELLA.</span>)
+*5/33 fragments 9 (Minno), 16, 18 (Laws 2), 20a, 20b (Helpers Adela): '''verb does not end with''' <span class="fryas">-NDE</span> (found 7x), <span class="fryas">-NA</span> (found 4x) '''or''' <span class="fryas">-NE</span> (found 17x), rather it is a basic infinitive: <span class="fryas">WÉIZARJA, SÉKA, FORMYDA, TELLA, LÉTA.</span>
+The verbs more than once supported by <span class="fryas">ACHA</span> are:
+*<span class="fryas">TO LÉTA(NE)</span> (4x),
+*<span class="fryas">TO WÉRANE/-A</span> (3x) and
+*<span class="fryas">TO NVDANDE/ NJODANE/ NJVDANE</span> (3x.)
-SA ACH THA MÉNA '''MÉNTA''' (...) THAT WITHER ''TO HÉLÉNA'' / community ought to repair
+== Fragments ==
+[[EN001.16 Adela|Cb. Adela’s Advice]]
-. [025/27] '''3c3.'''
+. [004/26] <span class="fryas">SA HAGATH <u>J</u> TO <u>NVDANDE</u> THAT (...)</span> / you [formal or plural] ought to urge
-BY THA FÉSTUM ACHON '''HJA''' FORÁNA ''TO SITTANA'' / they ought to sit
+. [005/02] <span class="fryas">AL THISSA <u>TÀLLINGA</u> HAGATH DÉN TO <u>WERTHANDE</u></span> / tellings ought to become (done)
-. [029/29] '''4c1. Minno'''
+[[EN011.13 Tex|D4. Frya's Tex]]
-SA ACH '''MAN''' THÀT RÉDER ÀFTERWÉJA ''TO LÉTANE'' / one ought to leave/let
+. [012/07] <span class="fryas"><u>THJUS</u> ÁGATH WRALDAS GÁST</span> / this ''belongs to'' (...)
-. [030/06] '''4c1.'''
+. [013/12] <span class="fryas">ALSA AGHAT <u>J</u> TO <u>HELPANE</u> HJAM</span> / you [formal or plural] ought to help
-SA ACH '''MÀN''' THAT ''WÉIZARJA'' / one ought (to) refuse
+[[EN015.01 Burg|Ea. Burg Laws]]
-. [030/18] '''4c1.'''
+. [018/10] <span class="fryas">SA ÁCH <u>HJU</u> THAM BY STONDA TO <u>JÉWANE</u></span> / she ought to give
-SA ACH '''MAN''' ALLÉNA ALDVLKERA ''TO KJASANE'' / one ought to choose/elect
+[[EN025.04 Security|Ee. Security]]
-. [030/23] '''4c1.'''
+. [025/18] <span class="fryas">SA ACH THA MÉNA <u>MÉNTA</u> (...) THAT WITHER TO <u>HÉLÉNA</u></span> / community ought to repair
-SA AGON THA '''ÔRA''' THAT ''TO WÉRANE'' / others ought to repel
+. [025/27] <span class="fryas">BY THA FÉSTUM ACHON <u>HJA</u> FORÁNA TO <u>SITTANA</u></span> / they ought to sit
-. [030/31] '''4c1. ,,'''
+[[EN029.12 Precedents|F1c. Useful Precedents]]
-SÁ AGON '''WY''' MITH HASTE HÉI TO ''TO SLANA'' / we ought to strike
+. [029/29] <span class="fryas">SA ACH <u>MAN</u> THÀT RÉDER ÀFTERWÉJA TO <u>LÉTANE</u></span> / one ought to leave/let
-.[030/32] '''4c1.'''
+. [030/06] <span class="fryas">SA ACH <u>MÀN</u> THAT <u>WÉIZARJA</u></span> / one ought (to) refuse
-AFSKÉN '''WI''' ÉLLA AGON ''TO DVANDE'' / we ought to do
+. [030/18] <span class="fryas">SA ACH <u>MAN</u> ALLÉNA ALDVLKERA TO <u>KJASANE</u></span> / one ought to choose/elect
-. [037/14] '''4d. ,,'''
+. [030/23] <span class="fryas">SA AGON THA <u>ÔRA</u> THAT TO <u>WÉRANE</u></span> / others ought to repel
-THÉRVMBE ACHS'''TV''' ''TO BIJINNANDE'' / you ought to begin
+. [030/31] <span class="fryas">SÁ AGON <u>WY</u> MITH HASTE HÉI TO TO <u>SLANA</u></span> / we ought to strike
-. [041/10] '''5a2. Laws 2'''
+.[030/32] <span class="fryas">AFSKÉN <u>WI</u> ÉLLA AGON TO <u>DVANDE</u></span> / we ought to do
-THÉRVMBE ÁCH '''MÀN''' ''TO WÉRANA'' THÀM / one ought to repel
+[[EN033.22 Minerva|F2. Minerva]]
-. [041/13] '''5a2.'''
+. [037/14] <span class="fryas">THÉRVMBE ACHS<u>TV</u> TO <u>BIJINNANDE</u></span> / you ought to begin
-JAHWÉDER JONG '''KERDEL''' ÁCH EN BRUD ''TO SÉKA'' / youngh-man ought to seek
+[[EN040.26 Regulations|Gb. Regulations and Penalties]]
-. [041/18] '''5a2.'''
+. [041/10] <span class="fryas">THÉRVMBE ÁCH <u>MÀN</u> TO <u>WÉRANA</u> THÀM</span> / one ought to repel
-SÁ ACH EK '''MAN''' HIM UT SIN HUS ''TO WÉRANE'' / man ought to repel
+. [041/13] <span class="fryas">JAHWÉDER JONG <u>KERDEL</u> ÁCH EN BRUD TO <u>SÉKA</u></span> / youngh-man ought to seek
-. [041/20] '''5a2.'''
+. [041/18] <span class="fryas">SÁ ACH EK <u>MAN</u> HIM UT SIN HUS TO <u>WÉRANE</u></span> / man ought to repel
-THA '''KNÁPA''' ACHON HIN ''TO FORMYDA'' / boys ought to avoid
+. [041/20] <span class="fryas">THA <u>KNÁPA</u> ACHON HIN TO <u>FORMYDA</u></span> / boys ought to avoid
-. [070/27] '''9b. Walhallagara'''
+[[EN068.17 Mediterranean|L2a.  Jon and Minerva]]
-THA '''AFTERKVMAND''' AGON ''TO WÉTANE'' THAT (...) / later generations ought to know
+. [070/27] <span class="fryas">THA <u>AFTERKVMAND</u> AGON TO <u>WÉTANE</u> THAT (...)</span> / later generations ought to know
-a/b. [087/15] '''11c. Helpers Adela'''
+[[EN087.13 Afterword|O. Afterword]]
-THA '''FÁMNA''' HAGON THAM NÉI HJARA WÍSA ''TO TELLA'' ÀND WEL ''BISKRIVE LÉTA'' / maidens ought to narrate and (to) have described
+a/b. [087/15] <span class="fryas">THA <u>FÁMNA</u> HAGON THAM NÉI HJARA WÍSA TO <u>TELLA</u> ÀND WEL BISKRIVE <u>LÉTA</u></span> / maidens ought to narrate and (to) have/let (describe)
-. [101/18] '''13c2. Primal Teachings'''
+[[EN100.01 Teachings2|R4b. Teachings 2]]
-ALSA HÁGON THA '''FÁMNA''' HJAM FON BUTA ''TO LÉRANDE'' / maidens ought to teach
+. [101/18] <span class="fryas">ALSA HÁGON THA <u>FÁMNA</u> HJAM FON BUTA TO <u>LÉRANDE</u></span> / maidens ought to teach
-. [111/22] '''13e2. Apollonia'''
+[[EN108.28 Rhine|R6b. Along the Rhine]]
-HO THA '''MÀNNISKA''' AN THÉRE MINNE AGON ''TO LÉVANE'' / men ought to live
+. [111/22] <span class="fryas">HO THA <u>MÀNNISKA</u> AN THÉRE MINNE AGON TO <u>LÉVANE</u></span> / men ought to live
-. [118/03] '''14b. Frethorik'''
+[[EN117.20 Blacks|S1c. The Black Men]]
-THÀN ÁCHS'''TE''' SPOD ''TO MÁKJANDE'' / you ought to make
+. [118/03] <span class="fryas">THÀN ÁCHS<u>TE</u> SPOD TO <u>MÁKJANDE</u></span> / you ought to make
-. [119/23] '''14c. ,,'''
+[[EN118.32 Fleet|S2. A Fleet Arrives]]
-NW WI N MODER HÀVE AGON '''WI''' HJRA RÉD ''TO FRÉJANDE'' / we ought to ask
+. [119/23] <span class="fryas">NW WI N MODER HÀVE AGON <u>WI</u> HJRA RÉD TO <u>FRÉJANDE</u></span> / we ought to ask
-. [128/20] '''14d2. Liudgert 1'''
+[[EN125.05 Demetrius|S3b. Demetrius and Friso]]
-'''WI''' ACHON AL FLJUCHTANDE ''TO FJUCHTANE'' / we ought to flee
+. [128/20] <span class="fryas"><u>WI</u> ACHON AL FLJUCHTANDE TO <u>FJUCHTANE</u></span> / we ought to flee
-a/b/c. [137/15] '''15b2. Dela a.k.a. Hellenia'''
+[[EN136.08 Yesus|T2b. Yesus of Kashmir]]
-THÀT '''MÀN''' THÉR IN ÁCH ''TO DELVANE'' ''TO ERANE'' ÀND ''TO SÉJANE'' / one ought to dig, (to) plow and (to) sow
+a/b/c. [137/15] <span class="fryas">THÀT <u>MÀN</u> THÉR IN ÁCH TO <u>DELVANE</u> TO <u>ERANE</u> ÀND TO <u>SÉJANE</u></span> / one ought to dig, (to) plow and (to) sow
-. [144/30] '''16b1. Konered'''
+[[EN144.17 Motherless|U2a. Motherless]]
-VMBE (...) ÁCH '''IK''' DUBBEL ''TO WAKANE'' THAT (...) / I ought to beware
+. [144/30] <span class="fryas">VMBE (...) ÁCH <u>IK</u> DUBBEL TO <u>WAKANE</u> THAT (...)</span> / I ought to beware
-. [161/08] '''16c. Gosa'''
+[[EN157.32 Gosa|U3b. Gosa: Purity of Language]]
-ALSA ACHST '''THV''' (...) NÉN ÔRE TÁLE OVIR THINA WÉRA NI ''KVMA TO LÉTANE'' / you ought to let come
+. [161/08] <span class="fryas">ALSA ACHST <u>THV</u> (...) NÉN ÔRE TÁLE OVIR THINA WÉRA NI KVMA TO <u>LÉTANE</u></span> / you ought to let (come)
-. [161/11] '''16c.'''
+. [161/11] <span class="fryas">THÀN ACHST <u>THV</u> TO <u>NJODANE</u> TILTHJU (...)</span> / you ought to urge
-THÀN ACHST '''THV''' ''TO NJODANE'' TILTHJU (...) / you ought to urge
+[[EN195.01 Preparation|Za. War Games]]
-. [195/12] '''19a. unknown abt. Askar'''
+. [195/12] <span class="fryas">THÉRVMBE ÁGON <u>WI</u> TO <u>NJVDANE</u> THAT (...)</span> / we ought to urge
-THÉRVMBE ÁGON '''WI''' ''TO NJVDANE'' THAT (...) / we ought to urge
+. [197/16] <span class="fryas">ALSA ÁGON THA <u>KNÁPA</u> (...) ÀFTERWÉIN TO <u>LÉTANE</u></span> / young-men ought to leave/let
-. [197/16] '''19a.'''
+== 1938 discussion Ahnenerbe - Duinker ==
+[[Wolfram H.F. Sievers|Sievers]] → [[Cornelis Duinker|Duinker]], 17-10-1938<blockquote>(...) und vor allem falsch das Präteritopräsens fries. âch, Plur. âgon und Varianten. Ottema übersetzt das fries. Präteritopräsens stets mit behooren im Sinne von nhd. “sich geziemen”. Sie übertragen ständig (die Belege können beigebracht werden) mit “gehören”. In allen einschlägigen Fällen ist fries. âch, âgon und Var. im Nhd. einfach mit “Hat zu, haben zu” und folgendem Infinitiv zu übersetzen. Das ist wortwörtlich und wäre gutes, schlichtes Deutsch. Sie wissen aber offenbar nicht, was das fries. Verb eigentlich bedeutet, und so mühen Sie sich ständig an der holl. Übersetsung mit behooren ab (...)</blockquote>Duinker → Sievers, 4-11-1938<blockquote>Bei der Übersetzung der fr. Worte ach und achen mit gehören in der Bedeutung von geziemen, habe ich lange nachgedacht. Mit hat zu oder haben zu‚ wie Sie vorschlagen‚ habe ich mich nicht vereinigen können, denn haben zu ist gleich eines Befehls. Wenn man sagst: ”Sie haben einen Brief zu schreiben”, so ist das ein Befehl, während das achen mehr eine Bitte oder einen Wunsch [2] ausdrückt. Meiner Ansicht nach, könnte man das Wort besser mit möchte übersetzen. Ich werde die Übersetzung daraufhin nochmals durcharbeiten und das gehören durch möchten ersetzen.</blockquote>
-ALSA ÁGON THA '''KNÁPA''' (...) ÀFTERWÉIN ''TO LÉTANE'' / young-men ought to leave/let
+== Notes ==
+<references />
 [[Category:Word Studies]]