View source for ACHA (ÁCHA)

'''Auxiliary verb ÁCHA'''

The Old Frisian syntactic construct ''aga te'' (ought to, shall, must) + gerund has been subject of a study by Jelka Schilt, published in ''[https://books.google.nl/books?id=uWa5X5qa9bAC&lpg=PP1&hl=nl&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false Aspects of Old Frisian philology]'' (1990, p.391), edited by Rolf H. Bremmer et al. I intend to discuss this study, after an inventory of the use of this construct in the Oera Linda-book (not only in the samples).

Considering the exceptional use in 2d. [012/07], the best fitting Dutch translation of the word would be 'behoren' (allegedly dreived from 'horen'; to hear), which can be used in two ways:

# 'behoren aan': belong to/ be owned by;
# 'behoren te + inf.': ought to + inf.

Note the similarity with ÁGON - eyes, [[HÁCH]] - high.

Infinite form is not used, but might have been '''ÁCHA'''<ref>either with or without the accent; it is sometimes hardly distinguishable</ref>'''/ HAGA''' (ought to, shall, must): no present-past variety.

<u>singular:</u>

* '''IK/ ER ÁCH''' (10x)'''/ ER ÁGATH''' (1x)
* '''THV ACHST(-E/-V)''' (4x)

<u>plural:</u>

* '''WI/ HJA AGON''' (8x)'''/ ACHON''' (3x)'''/ HAGON''' (2x)'''/ HJA HAGATH''' (1x)
* '''J HAGATH/ AGHAT''' (both only one)

The verb ÁCHA is used 31 times, once as a main verb and 30 times as an auxiliary verb, twice of the latter in combination with more than one main verb (fragments 20: 2 and 26: 3). The number of main verbs supported by ÁCHA, therefore, is 33.

==Exceptional uses, in order frequency==
<u>1) Verb ACHA</u>

*1/31 fragment 3 (Frya's Tex): '''as main verb, meaning 'belong to''''.
*1/31 fragment 4 (Frya's Tex): '''spelling -GH-''' (AGHAT); -AT instead of -ATH is also unusual..
*4/31 fragments 1, 2  (Adela), 20a (Helpers Adela), 21 (Primal Teachings): '''verb starts with H-''' (2x HAGATH, 2x HAGON).
*4/31 fragments 1, 2 (Adela), 3, 4 (Frya's Tex): '''conjugation ending -ath''' (1x -at), both for plural and singular.
*3/13 fragments 7 (Laws 1), 18, (Laws 2), 25 (Liudgert 1): '''plural form ending -ON is spelled with -CH-: ACHON'''; the more common form is (H)AGON.
<u>2) Supported main verb</u>
*1/33 fragment 9 (Minno): '''without 'TO'''': MÀN ACH WÉIZARJA. (In fragment 20b. LÉTA also lacks 'TO', but borrows from 20a. TO TELLA.)
*5/33 fragments 9 (Minno), 16, 18 (Laws 2), 20a, 20b (Helpers Adela): '''verb does not end with -NDE''' (found 7x)''', -NA''' (found 4x) '''or -NE''' (found 17x), rather it is a basic infinitive: WÉIZARJA, SÉKA, FORMYDA, TELLA, LÉTA.
The verbs more than once supported by ACHA are:
*TO LÉTA(NE) (4x),
*TO WÉRANE/-A (3x) and
*TO NVDANDE/ NJODANE/ NJVDANE (3x.)

==Fragments==
1. [004/26] '''1b. Adela'''

SA HAGATH '''J''' ''TO NVDANDE'' THAT (...) / you [formal or plural] ought to urge

2. [005/02] '''1b''' 

AL THISSA '''TÀLLINGA''' HAGATH ''DÉN'' ''TO WERTHANDE'' / tellings ought to be done 

3. [012/07] '''2d. Frya's Tex'''

'''THJUS''' ÁGATH WRALDAS GÁST / this ''belongs to'' (...)

4. [013/12] '''2d.''' 

ALSA AGHAT '''J''' ''TO HELPANE'' HJAM / you [formal or plural] ought to help

5. [018/10] '''3a. Laws 1'''

SA ÁCH '''HJU''' THAM BY STONDA ''TO JÉWANE'' / she ought to give

6. [025/18] '''3c3. ,,'''

SA ACH THA MÉNA '''MÉNTA''' (...) THAT WITHER ''TO HÉLÉNA'' / community ought to repair

7. [025/27] '''3c3.'''

BY THA FÉSTUM ACHON '''HJA''' FORÁNA ''TO SITTANA'' / they ought to sit

8. [029/29] '''4c1. Minno'''

SA ACH '''MAN''' THÀT RÉDER ÀFTERWÉJA ''TO LÉTANE'' / one ought to leave/let

9. [030/06] '''4c1.'''

SA ACH '''MÀN''' THAT ''WÉIZARJA'' / one ought (to) refuse

10. [030/18] '''4c1.'''

SA ACH '''MAN''' ALLÉNA ALDVLKERA ''TO KJASANE'' / one ought to choose/elect

11. [030/23] '''4c1.'''

SA AGON THA '''ÔRA''' THAT ''TO WÉRANE'' / others ought to repel

12. [030/31] '''4c1. ,,'''

SÁ AGON '''WY''' MITH HASTE HÉI TO ''TO SLANA'' / we ought to strike

13.[030/32] '''4c1.'''

AFSKÉN '''WI''' ÉLLA AGON ''TO DVANDE'' / we ought to do

14. [037/14] '''4d. ,,'''

THÉRVMBE ACHS'''TV''' ''TO BIJINNANDE'' / you ought to begin

15. [041/10] '''5a2. Laws 2'''

THÉRVMBE ÁCH '''MÀN''' ''TO WÉRANA'' THÀM / one ought to repel

16. [041/13] '''5a2.'''

JAHWÉDER JONG '''KERDEL''' ÁCH EN BRUD ''TO SÉKA'' / youngh-man ought to seek

17. [041/18] '''5a2.'''

SÁ ACH EK '''MAN''' HIM UT SIN HUS ''TO WÉRANE'' / man ought to repel

18. [041/20] '''5a2.'''

THA '''KNÁPA''' ACHON HIN ''TO FORMYDA'' / boys ought to avoid

19. [070/27] '''9b. Walhallagara'''

THA '''AFTERKVMAND''' AGON ''TO WÉTANE'' THAT (...) / later generations ought to know

20a/b. [087/15] '''11c. Helpers Adela'''

THA '''FÁMNA''' HAGON THAM NÉI HJARA WÍSA ''TO TELLA'' ÀND WEL ''BISKRIVE LÉTA'' / maidens ought to narrate and (to) have described

21. [101/18] '''13c2. Primal Teachings'''

ALSA HÁGON THA '''FÁMNA''' HJAM FON BUTA ''TO LÉRANDE'' / maidens ought to teach

22. [111/22] '''13e2. Apollonia'''

HO THA '''MÀNNISKA''' AN THÉRE MINNE AGON ''TO LÉVANE'' / men ought to live

23. [118/03] '''14b. Frethorik'''

THÀN ÁCHS'''TE''' SPOD ''TO MÁKJANDE'' / you ought to make

24. [119/23] '''14c. ,,'''

NW WI N MODER HÀVE AGON '''WI''' HJRA RÉD ''TO FRÉJANDE'' / we ought to ask

25. [128/20] '''14d2. Liudgert 1'''

'''WI''' ACHON AL FLJUCHTANDE ''TO FJUCHTANE'' / we ought to flee

26a/b/c. [137/15] '''15b2. Dela a.k.a. Hellenia'''

THÀT '''MÀN''' THÉR IN ÁCH ''TO DELVANE'' ''TO ERANE'' ÀND ''TO SÉJANE'' / one ought to dig, (to) plow and (to) sow

27. [144/30] '''16b1. Konered'''

VMBE (...) ÁCH '''IK''' DUBBEL ''TO WAKANE'' THAT (...) / I ought to beware

28. [161/08] '''16c. Gosa'''

ALSA ACHST '''THV''' (...) NÉN ÔRE TÁLE OVIR THINA WÉRA NI ''KVMA TO LÉTANE'' / you ought to let come

29. [161/11] '''16c.'''

THÀN ACHST '''THV''' ''TO NJODANE'' TILTHJU (...) / you ought to urge

30. [195/12] '''19a. unknown abt. Askar'''

THÉRVMBE ÁGON '''WI''' ''TO NJVDANE'' THAT (...) / we ought to urge

31. [197/16] '''19a.'''

ALSA ÁGON THA '''KNÁPA''' (...) ÀFTERWÉIN ''TO LÉTANE'' / young-men ought to leave/let

==Notes==
<references />
[[Category:Word Studies]]