WÉSA

WÉSA (var.: WÉSANE, WÉSANDE) is the infinitive 'to be' (Dutch/German: zijn/sein), sometimes shortened to SA (like HA is sometimes short for HÀVA).

The negative form is NÉSA (to not be) with inflections NIS (is not), NAS (was not) and NÉR/NÉRE/NÉRON (were not).

A) present

1) first person

a) singular

Fryas	English	Dutch	German	Danish	Norse	Swedish	Icelandic
IK BEN/BIN	I am	ik ben	ich bin	jeg er	jeg er	jag är	ég er

b) plural

Fryas	English	Dutch	German	Danish	Norse	Swedish	Icelandic
WI/WY SEND	we are	we/wij zijn	wir sind	vi er	vi er	vi är	við erum

2) second person

a) singular/plural

Fryas	English	Dutch	German	Danish	Norse	Swedish	Icelandic
(THV/I/JOW) BIST(E)* (only plur.: JY SEND)	you are	sing.: je/U bent plur.: jullie zijn/U bent	sing.: du bist/Sie sind plur.: ihr seid/Sie sind	du er	du er	du är	Þú ert

*BISTE when ending subordinate clause; see fragments [034/15], [083/10] and [118/10].

3) third person

a) singular

Fryas	English	Dutch	German	Danish	Norse	Swedish	Icelandic
ER,HI/HJU/ET IS	he/she/it is	hij/zij/het is	er/sie/es ist	han/hun/det er	han/hun/det er	han/hon/det är	hann/hún/Það er

b) plural

Fryas	English	Dutch	German	Danish	Norse	Swedish	Icelandic
HJA SEND/SIND	they are	ze/zij zijn	sie sind	de er	de er	dom är	þeir eru

B) past

1) first person

a) singular

Fryas	English	Dutch	German	Danish	Norse	Swedish	Icelandic
IK WAS/WÉRE	I was	ik was	ich war	jeg var	jeg var	jag var	ég var

b) plural

Fryas	English	Dutch	German	Danish	Norse	Swedish	Icelandic
WI/WY WÉRON/WÉRE	we were	we/wij waren	wir waren	vi var	vi var	vi var	við vorum

2) second person

Not found in any of the texts, but would probably have been like first person.

3) third person

a) singular

Fryas	English	Dutch	German	Danish	Norse	Swedish	Icelandic
ER,HI/HJU/ET WAS/WÉR(E)	he/she/it was	hij/zij/het was	er/sie/es war	han/hun/det var	han/hun/det var	han/hon/det var	hann/hún/Það var

b) plural

Fryas	English	Dutch	German	Danish	Norse	Swedish	Icelandic
HJA WÉRON/WÉRE	they were	ze/zij waren	sie waren	de var	de var	dom var	þeir voru

C) perfect

Fryas	English	Dutch	German	Danish	Norse	Swedish	Icelandic
WÉSEN/WÉST	been	geweest	gewesen	været	vært	varit	verið

fragments

A1a) first person, present, singular

4c. Useful Precedents

• [029/30] IK BIN ALD - ik ben oud - ich bin alt - I am old

4d. About Laws

• [031/10] BIN.IK VRTJÛGAD* - ben ik overtuigd - bin ich überzeugt - am I convinved ('over-tied')

*VR.TJÛGATH from TÉJA (to pull, tie, weave, tow)

4f. Minerva

• [033/30] ALSA BEN.IK É.LIK - alzo ben ik gelijk ('water-lijk') - also bin ich gleich ('wasser-gleich') - then am I equal ('water-like')
• [034/30] BIN IK IN FRYA.S THJANEST - ben ik in Frya's dienst - bin ich in Frya's Dienst - am I in Frya's service

13f. Primal Teachings 2

• [102/15] NI SEDSA IK BEN. MEN WEL IK WAS - niet zeggen ik ben, maar wel ik was - nicht sagen ich bin, aber wohl ich was - not say I am, but well I was
• [102/25] THAHWILA.R SÉID IK BEN - terwijl hij zegt ik ben - daweile er sagt ich bin - while he says I am
• [103/01] IK BEN. IEFTHA WEL. IK BEN THET BESTE DÉL - ik ben, oftewel, ik ben het beste deel - ich bin, oder wohl, ich bin der beste Teil - I am, or well, I am the best deal/part

14a. Fryasland Swamped

• [113/25] BIN IK TO ASGA KÉREN - ben ik tot Asga gekozen - bin ich zu Asga gewählt - ...

14e. Demetrius and Friso

• [130/10] THACH BEN IK ALSA HERDE FRYA.S

15a. Wilyo

• [133/20] IK BEN THA FÁM

16a. Canals and Dykes

• [143/05] BEN IK TO SINA FOLGAR KÉREN

16f. Panj-ab Report

• [167/10] HWÉR IK BERN BEN

A1b) first person, present, plural

B. Liko Ovira Linda

• [00b/10] THAT WI HJARA GRÁTESTE FJANDA SEND

1b. Adela’s Advice

• [004/30] HO GRAT WI JETA SEND

4c. Useful Precedents

• [031/01] THAT WI ANGE SEND

4e. Eawa

• [033/10] DÁHWILA WI TO DVANDE SEND

4f. Minerva

• [035/15] WI ALLE SEND TO DVANDE

8b. Wodin and the Magus

• [054] WI SEND SKELDICH

13f. Primal Teachings 2

• [101/30] ALSA SEND WY EN DÉL

14d. Alexander the King

• [121/05] THÉRVMBE SEND WI FVL ÉRBIDENESE ... WY SEND FRY BERN FRYA.S BERN

16a. Canals and Dykes

• [144/01] HJUD DÉGUM SEND WI TO DVANDE

16b. Friso: Alliances

• [149/10] WI ALLE SEND FISKAR AND JUTTAR

19a. Askar Prepares for War

• [197/20] SEND WI IN ALLE DÉLA OFNED

A2a/b) second person, present, singular/plural

4f. Minerva

• [034/15] AS THV THÀN NÉN THJONSTER NE BISTE

8b. Wodin and the Magus

• [054/20] THV BIST THENE WIGANDLIKSTE KÀNING JRTHA.S

8d. Tunis and the Tyrians

• [059/05] THV BIST FÉR.HÉMANDA SWÀRVAR (plur.!)

9c. Kelta and the Gools

• [067/15] THV BIST FRY.BERN ÀND VMBE LITHA LÉKA

9d. Jon and Minerva Resettle

• [071/01] HO BIST WEL AN THINA SLÁVONA KVMEN (plur.?)

11b. Death of Frana

• [083/10] FRÁNA VRMITES I KLÁR.SJANDE BISTE

13g. The Unsociable Man

• [104/01] BIST EN ÀFTE FRYA.S
• [106/01] BIST ÀRG BÁT.SJOCHTIG

14b. Expulsion of the Black Men

• [118/10] ALOND JOW WÀLDICH BISTE (plur.?)

16e. Purity of Language

• [161/05] BIST THV ALSA GÍRICH (plur.?)

18. Rika: Title Theft

• [189/05] ALSA JY MÉNE SEND JY VNSKELDICH AN OFGODJE (plur.)
• [192/20] THÀT JY THÉR WILLENS SKILDECH AN SEND (plur.)

B1b) first person, past, plural

9e. The Geartmen Move to Panj-ab

• [073/15] THAHWILA WY MITH ALLE MANNUM VPPA WALLUM TO STRIDANDE WÉRON

14e. Demetrius and Friso

• [128/05] WI WÉRON TO LÉDEN MITH LIFTOCHTUM ÀND ORLOCH​.TUCH
• [128/20] THAHWILA WI THÉRMITHA AL DVANDE WÉRON
• [129/05] AS WI NW ARHALF KETTENG FON RA OF WÉRE BIGOSTON THA PHONISJAR TO SKIATA

15a. Wilyo from the Saxonmarks

• [133/25] THAT WI ALLE BÉDE FON A​.DEL​.A HIS FOLK WÉRON