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2) 'behoren te + inf.': ought to + inf.
2) 'behoren te + inf.': ought to + inf.




Note the similarity with ÁGON - eyes, HÁCH - high.
Note the similarity with ÁGON - eyes, HÁCH - high.




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'''J HAGATH/ AGHAT''' (both only one)
'''J HAGATH/ AGHAT''' (both only one)




The verb ÁCHA is used 31 times, once as a main verb and 30 times as an auxiliary verb, twice of the latter in combination with more than one main verb (fragments 20: 2 and 26: 3). The number of main verbs supported by ÁCHA, therefore, is 33.
The verb ÁCHA is used 31 times, once as a main verb and 30 times as an auxiliary verb, twice of the latter in combination with more than one main verb (fragments 20: 2 and 26: 3). The number of main verbs supported by ÁCHA, therefore, is 33.




'''Exceptional uses, in order frequency:'''
'''Exceptional uses, in order frequency:'''


1) Verb ACHA
1) Verb ACHA
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* TO WÉRANE/-A (3x) and  
* TO WÉRANE/-A (3x) and  
* TO NVDANDE/ NJODANE/ NJVDANE (3x.)
* TO NVDANDE/ NJODANE/ NJVDANE (3x.)
'''Fragments in the Oera Linda-book'''1. [004/26] '''1b. Adela'''
'''Fragments in the Oera Linda-book'''
 
1. [004/26] '''1b. Adela'''


SA HAGATH '''J''' ''TO NVDANDE'' THAT (...) / you [formal or plural] ought to urge
SA HAGATH '''J''' ''TO NVDANDE'' THAT (...) / you [formal or plural] ought to urge
2. [005/02] '''1b'''  
2. [005/02] '''1b'''  
AL THISSA '''TÀLLINGA''' HAGATH ''DÉN'' ''TO WERTHANDE'' / tellings ought to be done  
AL THISSA '''TÀLLINGA''' HAGATH ''DÉN'' ''TO WERTHANDE'' / tellings ought to be done  
3. [012/07] '''2d. Frya's Tex'''
3. [012/07] '''2d. Frya's Tex'''
'''THJUS''' ÁGATH WRALDAS GÁST / this ''belongs to'' (...)
'''THJUS''' ÁGATH WRALDAS GÁST / this ''belongs to'' (...)
4. [013/12] '''2d.'''  
4. [013/12] '''2d.'''  
ALSA AGHAT '''J''' ''TO HELPANE'' HJAM / you [formal or plural] ought to help
ALSA AGHAT '''J''' ''TO HELPANE'' HJAM / you [formal or plural] ought to help
5. [018/10] '''3a. Laws 1'''
5. [018/10] '''3a. Laws 1'''
SA ÁCH '''HJU''' THAM BY STONDA ''TO JÉWANE'' / she ought to give
SA ÁCH '''HJU''' THAM BY STONDA ''TO JÉWANE'' / she ought to give
6. [025/18] '''3c3. ,,'''
6. [025/18] '''3c3. ,,'''
SA ACH THA MÉNA '''MÉNTA''' (...) THAT WITHER ''TO HÉLÉNA'' / community ought to repair
SA ACH THA MÉNA '''MÉNTA''' (...) THAT WITHER ''TO HÉLÉNA'' / community ought to repair
7. [025/27] '''3c3.'''
7. [025/27] '''3c3.'''
BY THA FÉSTUM ACHON '''HJA''' FORÁNA ''TO SITTANA'' / they ought to sit
BY THA FÉSTUM ACHON '''HJA''' FORÁNA ''TO SITTANA'' / they ought to sit
8. [029/29] '''4c1. Minno'''
8. [029/29] '''4c1. Minno'''
SA ACH '''MAN''' THÀT RÉDER ÀFTERWÉJA ''TO LÉTANE'' / one ought to leave/let
SA ACH '''MAN''' THÀT RÉDER ÀFTERWÉJA ''TO LÉTANE'' / one ought to leave/let
9. [030/06] '''4c1.'''
9. [030/06] '''4c1.'''
SA ACH '''MÀN''' THAT ''WÉIZARJA'' / one ought (to) refuse
SA ACH '''MÀN''' THAT ''WÉIZARJA'' / one ought (to) refuse
10. [030/18] '''4c1.'''
10. [030/18] '''4c1.'''
SA ACH '''MAN''' ALLÉNA ALDVLKERA ''TO KJASANE'' / one ought to choose/elect
SA ACH '''MAN''' ALLÉNA ALDVLKERA ''TO KJASANE'' / one ought to choose/elect
11. [030/23] '''4c1.'''
11. [030/23] '''4c1.'''
SA AGON THA '''ÔRA''' THAT ''TO WÉRANE'' / others ought to repel
SA AGON THA '''ÔRA''' THAT ''TO WÉRANE'' / others ought to repel
12. [030/31] '''4c1. ,,'''
12. [030/31] '''4c1. ,,'''
SÁ AGON '''WY''' MITH HASTE HÉI TO ''TO SLANA'' / we ought to strike
SÁ AGON '''WY''' MITH HASTE HÉI TO ''TO SLANA'' / we ought to strike
13.[030/32] '''4c1.'''
13.[030/32] '''4c1.'''
AFSKÉN '''WI''' ÉLLA AGON ''TO DVANDE'' / we ought to do
AFSKÉN '''WI''' ÉLLA AGON ''TO DVANDE'' / we ought to do
14. [037/14] '''4d. ,,'''
14. [037/14] '''4d. ,,'''
THÉRVMBE ACHS'''TV''' ''TO BIJINNANDE'' / you ought to begin
THÉRVMBE ACHS'''TV''' ''TO BIJINNANDE'' / you ought to begin
15. [041/10] '''5a2. Laws 2'''
15. [041/10] '''5a2. Laws 2'''
THÉRVMBE ÁCH '''MÀN''' ''TO WÉRANA'' THÀM / one ought to repel
THÉRVMBE ÁCH '''MÀN''' ''TO WÉRANA'' THÀM / one ought to repel
16. [041/13] '''5a2.'''
16. [041/13] '''5a2.'''
JAHWÉDER JONG '''KERDEL''' ÁCH EN BRUD ''TO SÉKA'' / youngh-man ought to seek
JAHWÉDER JONG '''KERDEL''' ÁCH EN BRUD ''TO SÉKA'' / youngh-man ought to seek
17. [041/18] '''5a2.'''
17. [041/18] '''5a2.'''
SÁ ACH EK '''MAN''' HIM UT SIN HUS ''TO WÉRANE'' / man ought to repel
SÁ ACH EK '''MAN''' HIM UT SIN HUS ''TO WÉRANE'' / man ought to repel
18. [041/20] '''5a2.'''
18. [041/20] '''5a2.'''
THA '''KNÁPA''' ACHON HIN ''TO FORMYDA'' / boys ought to avoid
THA '''KNÁPA''' ACHON HIN ''TO FORMYDA'' / boys ought to avoid
19. [070/27] '''9b. Walhallagara'''
19. [070/27] '''9b. Walhallagara'''
THA '''AFTERKVMAND''' AGON ''TO WÉTANE'' THAT (...) / later generations ought to know
THA '''AFTERKVMAND''' AGON ''TO WÉTANE'' THAT (...) / later generations ought to know
20a/b. [087/15] '''11c. Helpers Adela'''
20a/b. [087/15] '''11c. Helpers Adela'''
THA '''FÁMNA''' HAGON THAM NÉI HJARA WÍSA ''TO TELLA'' ÀND WEL ''BISKRIVE LÉTA'' / maidens ought to narrate and (to) have described
THA '''FÁMNA''' HAGON THAM NÉI HJARA WÍSA ''TO TELLA'' ÀND WEL ''BISKRIVE LÉTA'' / maidens ought to narrate and (to) have described
21. [101/18] '''13c2. Primal Teachings'''
21. [101/18] '''13c2. Primal Teachings'''
ALSA HÁGON THA '''FÁMNA''' HJAM FON BUTA ''TO LÉRANDE'' / maidens ought to teach
ALSA HÁGON THA '''FÁMNA''' HJAM FON BUTA ''TO LÉRANDE'' / maidens ought to teach
22. [111/22] '''13e2. Apollonia'''
22. [111/22] '''13e2. Apollonia'''
HO THA '''MÀNNISKA''' AN THÉRE MINNE AGON ''TO LÉVANE'' / men ought to live
HO THA '''MÀNNISKA''' AN THÉRE MINNE AGON ''TO LÉVANE'' / men ought to live
23. [118/03] '''14b. Frethorik'''
23. [118/03] '''14b. Frethorik'''
THÀN ÁCHS'''TE''' SPOD ''TO MÁKJANDE'' / you ought to make
THÀN ÁCHS'''TE''' SPOD ''TO MÁKJANDE'' / you ought to make
24. [119/23] '''14c. ,,'''
24. [119/23] '''14c. ,,'''
NW WI N MODER HÀVE AGON '''WI''' HJRA RÉD ''TO FRÉJANDE'' / we ought to ask
NW WI N MODER HÀVE AGON '''WI''' HJRA RÉD ''TO FRÉJANDE'' / we ought to ask
25. [128/20] '''14d2. Liudgert 1'''
25. [128/20] '''14d2. Liudgert 1'''
'''WI''' ACHON AL FLJUCHTANDE ''TO FJUCHTANE'' / we ought to flee
'''WI''' ACHON AL FLJUCHTANDE ''TO FJUCHTANE'' / we ought to flee
26a/b/c. [137/15] '''15b2. Dela a.k.a. Hellenia'''
26a/b/c. [137/15] '''15b2. Dela a.k.a. Hellenia'''
THÀT '''MÀN''' THÉR IN ÁCH ''TO DELVANE'' ''TO ERANE'' ÀND ''TO SÉJANE'' / one ought to dig, (to) plow and (to) sow
THÀT '''MÀN''' THÉR IN ÁCH ''TO DELVANE'' ''TO ERANE'' ÀND ''TO SÉJANE'' / one ought to dig, (to) plow and (to) sow
27. [144/30] '''16b1. Konered'''
27. [144/30] '''16b1. Konered'''
VMBE (...) ÁCH '''IK''' DUBBEL ''TO WAKANE'' THAT (...) / I ought to beware
VMBE (...) ÁCH '''IK''' DUBBEL ''TO WAKANE'' THAT (...) / I ought to beware
28. [161/08] '''16c. Gosa'''
28. [161/08] '''16c. Gosa'''
ALSA ACHST '''THV''' (...) NÉN ÔRE TÁLE OVIR THINA WÉRA NI ''KVMA TO LÉTANE'' / you ought to let come
ALSA ACHST '''THV''' (...) NÉN ÔRE TÁLE OVIR THINA WÉRA NI ''KVMA TO LÉTANE'' / you ought to let come
29. [161/11] '''16c.'''
29. [161/11] '''16c.'''
THÀN ACHST '''THV''' ''TO NJODANE'' TILTHJU (...) / you ought to urge
THÀN ACHST '''THV''' ''TO NJODANE'' TILTHJU (...) / you ought to urge
30. [195/12] '''19a. unknown abt. Askar'''
30. [195/12] '''19a. unknown abt. Askar'''
THÉRVMBE ÁGON '''WI''' ''TO NJVDANE'' THAT (...) / we ought to urge
THÉRVMBE ÁGON '''WI''' ''TO NJVDANE'' THAT (...) / we ought to urge
31. [197/16] '''19a.'''
31. [197/16] '''19a.'''
ALSA ÁGON THA '''KNÁPA''' (...) ÀFTERWÉIN ''TO LÉTANE'' / young-men ought to leave/let
ALSA ÁGON THA '''KNÁPA''' (...) ÀFTERWÉIN ''TO LÉTANE'' / young-men ought to leave/let
[[Category:Word Studies]]
[[Category:Word Studies]]

Revision as of 13:21, 12 January 2023

Auxiliary verb ÁCHA

The Old Frisian syntactic construct aga te (ought to, shall, must) + gerund has been subject of a study by Jelka Schilt, published in Aspects of Old Frisian philology (1990, p.391), edited by Rolf H. Bremmer et al. I intend to discuss this study, after an inventory of the use of this construct in the Oera Linda-book (not only in the samples).

Considering the exceptional use in 2d. [012/07], the best fitting Dutch translation of the word would be 'behoren' (allegedly dreived from 'horen'; to hear), which can be used in two ways:

1) 'behoren aan': belong to/ be owned by;

2) 'behoren te + inf.': ought to + inf.


Note the similarity with ÁGON - eyes, HÁCH - high.


Infinite form is not used, but might have been ÁCHA*/ HAGA (ought to, shall, must): no present-past variety.

* either with or without the accent; it is sometimes hardly distinguishable

singular:

IK/ ER ÁCH (10x)/ ER ÁGATH (1x)

THV ACHST(-E/-V) (4x)

plural:

WI/ HJA AGON (8x)/ ACHON (3x)/ HAGON (2x)/ HJA HAGATH (1x)

J HAGATH/ AGHAT (both only one)


The verb ÁCHA is used 31 times, once as a main verb and 30 times as an auxiliary verb, twice of the latter in combination with more than one main verb (fragments 20: 2 and 26: 3). The number of main verbs supported by ÁCHA, therefore, is 33.


Exceptional uses, in order frequency:

1) Verb ACHA

  • 1/31 fragment 3 (Frya's Tex): as main verb, meaning 'belong to'.
  • 1/31 fragment 4 (Frya's Tex): spelling -GH- (AGHAT); -AT instead of -ATH is also unusual..
  • 4/31 fragments 1, 2 (Adela), 20a (Helpers Adela), 21 (Primal Teachings): verb starts with H- (2x HAGATH, 2x HAGON).
  • 4/31 fragments 1, 2 (Adela), 3, 4 (Frya's Tex): conjugation ending -ath (1x -at), both for plural and singular.
  • 3/13 fragments 7 (Laws 1), 18, (Laws 2), 25 (Liudgert 1): plural form ending -ON is spelled with -CH-: ACHON; the more common form is (H)AGON.2) Supported main verb
  • 1/33 fragment 9 (Minno): without 'TO': MÀN ACH WÉIZARJA. (In fragment 20b. LÉTA also lacks 'TO', but borrows from 20a. TO TELLA.)
  • 5/33 fragments 9 (Minno), 16, 18 (Laws 2), 20a, 20b (Helpers Adela): verb does not end with -NDE (found 7x), -NA (found 4x) or -NE (found 17x), rather it is a basic infinitive: WÉIZARJA, SÉKA, FORMYDA, TELLA, LÉTA.The verbs more than once supported by ACHA are:
  • TO LÉTA(NE) (4x),
  • TO WÉRANE/-A (3x) and
  • TO NVDANDE/ NJODANE/ NJVDANE (3x.)

Fragments in the Oera Linda-book

1. [004/26] 1b. Adela

SA HAGATH J TO NVDANDE THAT (...) / you [formal or plural] ought to urge

2. [005/02] 1b

AL THISSA TÀLLINGA HAGATH DÉN TO WERTHANDE / tellings ought to be done

3. [012/07] 2d. Frya's Tex

THJUS ÁGATH WRALDAS GÁST / this belongs to (...)

4. [013/12] 2d.

ALSA AGHAT J TO HELPANE HJAM / you [formal or plural] ought to help

5. [018/10] 3a. Laws 1

SA ÁCH HJU THAM BY STONDA TO JÉWANE / she ought to give

6. [025/18] 3c3. ,,

SA ACH THA MÉNA MÉNTA (...) THAT WITHER TO HÉLÉNA / community ought to repair

7. [025/27] 3c3.

BY THA FÉSTUM ACHON HJA FORÁNA TO SITTANA / they ought to sit

8. [029/29] 4c1. Minno

SA ACH MAN THÀT RÉDER ÀFTERWÉJA TO LÉTANE / one ought to leave/let

9. [030/06] 4c1.

SA ACH MÀN THAT WÉIZARJA / one ought (to) refuse

10. [030/18] 4c1.

SA ACH MAN ALLÉNA ALDVLKERA TO KJASANE / one ought to choose/elect

11. [030/23] 4c1.

SA AGON THA ÔRA THAT TO WÉRANE / others ought to repel

12. [030/31] 4c1. ,,

SÁ AGON WY MITH HASTE HÉI TO TO SLANA / we ought to strike

13.[030/32] 4c1.

AFSKÉN WI ÉLLA AGON TO DVANDE / we ought to do

14. [037/14] 4d. ,,

THÉRVMBE ACHSTV TO BIJINNANDE / you ought to begin

15. [041/10] 5a2. Laws 2

THÉRVMBE ÁCH MÀN TO WÉRANA THÀM / one ought to repel

16. [041/13] 5a2.

JAHWÉDER JONG KERDEL ÁCH EN BRUD TO SÉKA / youngh-man ought to seek

17. [041/18] 5a2.

SÁ ACH EK MAN HIM UT SIN HUS TO WÉRANE / man ought to repel

18. [041/20] 5a2.

THA KNÁPA ACHON HIN TO FORMYDA / boys ought to avoid

19. [070/27] 9b. Walhallagara

THA AFTERKVMAND AGON TO WÉTANE THAT (...) / later generations ought to know

20a/b. [087/15] 11c. Helpers Adela

THA FÁMNA HAGON THAM NÉI HJARA WÍSA TO TELLA ÀND WEL BISKRIVE LÉTA / maidens ought to narrate and (to) have described

21. [101/18] 13c2. Primal Teachings

ALSA HÁGON THA FÁMNA HJAM FON BUTA TO LÉRANDE / maidens ought to teach

22. [111/22] 13e2. Apollonia

HO THA MÀNNISKA AN THÉRE MINNE AGON TO LÉVANE / men ought to live

23. [118/03] 14b. Frethorik

THÀN ÁCHSTE SPOD TO MÁKJANDE / you ought to make

24. [119/23] 14c. ,,

NW WI N MODER HÀVE AGON WI HJRA RÉD TO FRÉJANDE / we ought to ask

25. [128/20] 14d2. Liudgert 1

WI ACHON AL FLJUCHTANDE TO FJUCHTANE / we ought to flee

26a/b/c. [137/15] 15b2. Dela a.k.a. Hellenia

THÀT MÀN THÉR IN ÁCH TO DELVANE TO ERANE ÀND TO SÉJANE / one ought to dig, (to) plow and (to) sow

27. [144/30] 16b1. Konered

VMBE (...) ÁCH IK DUBBEL TO WAKANE THAT (...) / I ought to beware

28. [161/08] 16c. Gosa

ALSA ACHST THV (...) NÉN ÔRE TÁLE OVIR THINA WÉRA NI KVMA TO LÉTANE / you ought to let come

29. [161/11] 16c.

THÀN ACHST THV TO NJODANE TILTHJU (...) / you ought to urge

30. [195/12] 19a. unknown abt. Askar

THÉRVMBE ÁGON WI TO NJVDANE THAT (...) / we ought to urge

31. [197/16] 19a.

ALSA ÁGON THA KNÁPA (...) ÀFTERWÉIN TO LÉTANE / young-men ought to leave/let

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