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WÉSA (var.: WÉSANE, WÉSANDE) is the infinitive 'to be' (Dutch/German: zijn/sein).
<span class="fryas">WÉSA</span> (var.: <span class="fryas">WÉSANE, WÉSANDE</span>) is the infinitive 'to be' (Dutch/German: zijn/sein), sometimes shortened to <span class="fryas">SA</span> (like <span class="fryas">HA</span> is sometimes short for <span class="fryas">HÀVA</span>).
 
The negative form is <span class="fryas">NÉSA</span> (to not be) with inflections <span class="fryas">NIS</span> (is not), <span class="fryas">NAS</span> (was not) and <span class="fryas">NÉR/NÉRE/NÉRON</span> (were not).


==A) present==
==A) present==
Line 7: Line 9:
! Fryas || English || Dutch || German || Danish || Norse || Swedish || Icelandic
! Fryas || English || Dutch || German || Danish || Norse || Swedish || Icelandic
|-
|-
| IK BEN/BIN || I am || ik ben || ich bin || jeg er || jeg er || jag är || ég er
| <span class="fryas">IK BEN/BIN</span> || I am || ik ben || ich bin || jeg er || jeg er || jag är || ég er
|}
|}


Line 14: Line 16:
! Fryas || English || Dutch || German || Danish || Norse || Swedish || Icelandic
! Fryas || English || Dutch || German || Danish || Norse || Swedish || Icelandic
|-
|-
| WI/WY SEND || we are || we/wij zijn || wir sind || vi er || vi er || vi är || við erum
| <span class="fryas">WI/WY SEND</span> || we are || we/wij zijn || wir sind || vi er || vi er || vi är || við erum
|}
|}


Line 22: Line 24:
! Fryas || English || Dutch || German || Danish || Norse || Swedish || Icelandic
! Fryas || English || Dutch || German || Danish || Norse || Swedish || Icelandic
|-
|-
| (THV/I/JOW) BIST(E)*
| <span class="fryas">(THV/I/JOW) BIST(E)</span>*
(only plur.: JY SEND)
(only plur.: <span class="fryas">JY SEND</span>)
| you are || sing.: je/U bent
| you are || sing.: je/U bent
plur.: jullie zijn/U bent
plur.: jullie zijn/U bent
Line 30: Line 32:
| du er || du er || du är || Þú ert
| du er || du er || du är || Þú ert
|}
|}
<nowiki>*</nowiki>BISTE when at the end of (sub-) sentence (what is grammatical term?); see fragments [034/15], [083/10] and [118/10].
<nowiki>*</nowiki><span class="fryas">BISTE</span> when ending subordinate clause; see fragments [034/15], [083/10] and [118/10].
 
=== 3) third person ===


====a) singular====
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto"
! Fryas || English || Dutch || German || Danish || Norse || Swedish || Icelandic
|-
| <span class="fryas">ER,HI/HJU/ET IS</span> || he/she/it is || hij/zij/het is || er/sie/es ist || han/hun/det er || han/hun/det er || han/hon/det är || hann/hún/Það er
|}
====b) plural====
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto"
! Fryas || English || Dutch || German || Danish || Norse || Swedish || Icelandic
|-
| <span class="fryas">HJA SEND/SIND</span> || they are || ze/zij zijn || sie sind || de er || de er || dom är || þeir eru
|}
==B) past==
==B) past==
===1) first person===
===1) first person===
Line 38: Line 54:
! Fryas || English || Dutch || German || Danish || Norse || Swedish || Icelandic
! Fryas || English || Dutch || German || Danish || Norse || Swedish || Icelandic
|-
|-
| IK || I was || ik was || ich war || jeg var || jeg var || jag var || ég var
| <span class="fryas">IK WAS/WÉRE</span> || I was || ik was || ich war || jeg var || jeg var || jag var || ég var
|}
|}


Line 45: Line 61:
! Fryas || English || Dutch || German || Danish || Norse || Swedish || Icelandic
! Fryas || English || Dutch || German || Danish || Norse || Swedish || Icelandic
|-
|-
| WI/WY || we were || we/wij waren || wir waren || vi var || vi var || vi var || við vorum
| <span class="fryas">WI/WY WÉRON/WÉRE</span><ref><span class="fryas">WÉRON</span> was found 4 times, <span class="fryas">WÉRE</span> 1 time.</ref>|| we were || we/wij waren || wir waren || vi var || vi var || vi var || við vorum
|}
|}


=== 2) second person===
Not found in any of the texts, but would probably have been like first person.
=== 3) third person ===
====a) singular====
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto"
! Fryas || English || Dutch || German || Danish || Norse || Swedish || Icelandic
|-
| <span class="fryas">ER,HI/HJU/ET WAS/WÉR(E)</span> || he/she/it was || hij/zij/het was || er/sie/es war || han/hun/det var || han/hun/det var || han/hon/det var || hann/hún/Það var
|}
====b) plural====
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto"
! Fryas || English || Dutch || German || Danish || Norse || Swedish || Icelandic
|-
| <span class="fryas">HJA WÉRON/WÉRE</span> || they were || ze/zij waren || sie waren || de var || de var || dom var || þeir voru
|}


==C) perfect==
==C) perfect==
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto"
! Fryas || English || Dutch || German || Danish || Norse || Swedish || Icelandic
|-
| <span class="fryas">WÉSEN/W</span><span class="fryas">ÉST</span>|| been || geweest || gewesen || været || vært || varit || verið
|}


==fragments==
==fragments==
===A1a) first person, present, singular===
===A1a) first person, present, singular===
4c. Useful Precedents
4c. Useful Precedents  
*[029/30] <u>IK BIN</u> ALD - ik ben oud - ich bin alt - I am old
*[029/30] <span class="fryas">IK BIN ALD</span> - ik ben oud - ich bin alt - I am old
4d. About Laws
4d. About Laws  
*[031/10] <u>BIN.IK</u> ''VRTJÛGAD*'' - ben ik overtuigd - bin ich überzeugt - am I convinved ('over-tied')
*[031/10] <span class="fryas">BIN.IK VRTJÛGAD</span>* - ben ik overtuigd - bin ich überzeugt - am I convinved ('over-tied')
<nowiki>*</nowiki>VR.''TJÛGATH'' from TÉJA (to pull, tie, weave, tow)  
<nowiki>*</nowiki><span class="fryas">VR.TJÛGATH</span> from <span class="fryas">TÉJA</span> (to pull, tie, weave, tow)
 
4f. Minerva
4f. Minerva
*[033/30] ALSA <u>BEN.IK</u> É.LIK - alzo ben ik gelijk ('water-lijk') - also bin ich gleich ('wasser-gleich') - then am I equal ('water-like')
* [033/30] <span class="fryas">ALSA BEN.IK É.LIK</span> - alzo ben ik gelijk ('water-lijk') - also bin ich gleich ('wasser-gleich') - then am I equal ('water-like')
*[034/30] <u>BIN IK</u> IN FRYA.S THJANEST - ben ik in Frya's dienst - bin ich in Frya's Dienst - am I in Frya's service
*[034/30] <span class="fryas">BIN IK IN FRYA.S THJANEST</span> - ben ik in Frya's dienst - bin ich in Frya's Dienst - am I in Frya's service
13f. Primal Teachings 2
13f. Primal Teachings 2
*[102/15] NI SEDSA <u>IK BEN</u>. MEN WEL IK WAS - niet zeggen ik ben, maar wel ik was - nicht sagen ich bin, aber wohl ich was - not say I am, but well I was
* [102/15] <span class="fryas">NI SEDSA IK BEN. MEN WEL IK WAS</span> - niet zeggen ik ben, maar wel ik was - nicht sagen ich bin, aber wohl ich was - not say I am, but well I was
*[102/25] THAHWILA.R SÉID <u>IK BEN</u> - terwijl hij zegt ik ben - daweile er sagt ich bin - while he says I am
*[102/25] <span class="fryas">THAHWILA.R SÉID IK BEN</span> - terwijl hij zegt ik ben - daweile er sagt ich bin - while he says I am
*[103/01] <u>IK BEN</u>. IEFTHA WEL. <u>IK BEN</u> THET BESTE DÉL - ik ben, oftewel, ik ben het beste deel - ich bin, oder wohl, ich bin der beste Teil - I am, or well, I am the best deal/part
*[103/01] <span class="fryas">IK BEN. IEFTHA WEL. IK BEN THET BESTE DÉL</span> - ik ben, oftewel, ik ben het beste deel - ich bin, oder wohl, ich bin der beste Teil - I am, or well, I am the best deal/part
14a. Fryasland Swamped
14a. Fryasland Swamped
*[113/25] <u>BIN IK</u> TO ASGA ''KÉREN'' - ben ik tot Asga gekozen - bin ich zu Asga gewählt - ...
*[113/25] <span class="fryas">BIN IK TO ASGA KÉREN</span> - ben ik tot Asga gekozen - bin ich zu Asga gewählt - ...
14e. Demetrius and Friso
14e. Demetrius and Friso
*[130/10] THACH <u>BEN IK</u> ALSA HERDE FRYA.S
*[130/10] <span class="fryas">THACH BEN IK ALSA HERDE FRYA.S</span>
15a. Wilyo
15a. Wilyo
*[133/20] <u>IK BEN</u> THA [25] FÁM
* [133/20] <span class="fryas">IK BEN THA FÁM</span>
16a. Canals and Dykes
16a. Canals and Dykes
*[143/05] <u>BEN IK</u> TO SINA FOLGAR ''KÉREN''
*[143/05] <span class="fryas">BEN IK TO SINA FOLGAR KÉREN</span>
16f. Panj-ab Report
16f. Panj-ab Report
*[167/10] HWÉR <u>IK</u> ''BERN'' <u>BEN</u>
*[167/10] <span class="fryas">HWÉR IK BERN BEN</span>


===A1b) first person, present, plural===
===A1b) first person, present, plural===
B. Liko Ovira Linda
B. Liko Ovira Linda
*[00b/10] THAT <u>WI</u> HJARA GRÁTESTE FJANDA <u>SEND</u>
*[00b/10] <span class="fryas">THAT WI HJARA GRÁTESTE FJANDA SEND</span>
1b. Adela’s Advice
1b. Adela’s Advice
*[004/30] HO GRAT <u>WI</u> JETA <u>SEND</u>
*[004/30] <span class="fryas">HO GRAT WI JETA SEND</span>
4c. Useful Precedents
4c. Useful Precedents
*[031/01] THAT <u>WI</u> ANGE <u>SEND</u>
*[031/01] <span class="fryas">THAT WI ANGE SEND</span>
4e. Eawa
4e. Eawa
*[033/10] DÁHWILA <u>WI</u> [15] ''TO DVANDE'' <u>SEND</u>
*[033/10] <span class="fryas">DÁHWILA WI TO DVANDE SEND</span>  
4f. Minerva
4f. Minerva
*[035/15] <u>WI</u> ALLE <u>SEND</u> ''TO DVANDE''
*[035/15] <span class="fryas">WI ALLE SEND TO DVANDE</span>
8b. Wodin and the Magus
8b. Wodin and the Magus
*[054] <u>WI SEND</u> SKELDICH
*[054] <span class="fryas">WI SEND SKELDICH</span>
13f. Primal Teachings 2
13f. Primal Teachings 2
*[101/30] ALSA <u>SEND WY</u> EN DÉL
*[101/30] <span class="fryas">ALSA SEND WY EN DÉL</span>
14d. Alexander the King
14d. Alexander the King
*[121/05] THÉRVMBE <u>SEND WI</u> FVL ÉRBIDENESE ... <u>WY SEND</u> FRY BERN FRYA.S BERN
*[121/05] <span class="fryas">THÉRVMBE SEND WI FVL ÉRBIDENESE ... WY SEND FRY BERN FRYA.S BERN</span>
16a. Canals and Dykes
16a. Canals and Dykes
*[144/01] HJUD DÉGUM <u>SEND WI</u> ''TO DVANDE''
*[144/01] <span class="fryas">HJUD DÉGUM SEND WI TO DVANDE</span>  
16b. Friso: Alliances
16b. Friso: Alliances
*[149/10] <u>WI</u> ALLE <u>SEND</u> FISKAR AND JUTTAR
*[149/10] <span class="fryas">WI ALLE SEND FISKAR AND JUTTAR</span>
19a. Askar Prepares for War
19a. Askar Prepares for War
*[197/20] <u>SEND WI</u> IN ALLE DÉLA OFNED
*[197/20] <span class="fryas">SEND WI IN ALLE DÉLA OFNED</span>


=== A2a/b) second person, present, singular/plural ===
===A2a/b) second person, present, singular/plural===
4f. Minerva
4f. Minerva
* [034/15] AS <u>THV</u> THÀN NÉN THJONSTER NE <u>BISTE</u>
*[034/15] <span class="fryas">AS THV THÀN NÉN THJONSTER NE BISTE</span>
8b. Wodin and the Magus
8b. Wodin and the Magus
*[054/20] <u>THV BIST</u> THENE WIGANDLIKSTE KÀNING JRTHA.S
* [054/20] <span class="fryas">THV BIST THENE WIGANDLIKSTE KÀNING JRTHA.S</span>
8d. Tunis and the Tyrians
8d. Tunis and the Tyrians
*[059/05] <u>THV BIST</u> FÉR.HÉMANDA SWÀRVAR (plur.!)
*[059/05] <span class="fryas">THV BIST FÉR.HÉMANDA SWÀRVAR</span> (plur.!)
9c. Kelta and the Gools
9c. Kelta and the Gools
*[067/15] <u>THV BIST</u> FRY.''BERN'' ÀND VMBE LITHA LÉKA
* [067/15] <span class="fryas">THV BIST FRY.BERN ÀND VMBE LITHA LÉKA</span>
9d. Jon and Minerva Resettle
9d. Jon and Minerva Resettle
*[071/01] HO <u>BIST</u> WEL AN THINA SLÁVONA ''KVMEN'' (plur.?)
*[071/01] <span class="fryas">HO BIST WEL AN THINA SLÁVONA KVMEN</span> (plur.?)
11b. Death of Frana
11b. Death of Frana
*[083/10] FRÁNA VRMITES <u>I</u> KLÁR.SJANDE [15] <u>BISTE</u>
*[083/10] <span class="fryas">FRÁNA VRMITES I KLÁR.SJANDE BISTE</span>
13g. The Unsociable Man
13g. The Unsociable Man
*[104/01] <u>BIST</u> EN ÀFTE FRYA.S.
*[104/01] <span class="fryas">BIST EN ÀFTE FRYA.S</span>
*[106/01] <u>BIST</u> ÀRG BÁT.SJOCHTIG
*[106/01] <span class="fryas">BIST ÀRG BÁT.SJOCHTIG</span>
14b. Expulsion of the Black Men
14b. Expulsion of the Black Men
*[118/10] ALOND <u>JOW</u> WÀLDICH <u>BISTE</u> (plur.?)
*[118/10] <span class="fryas">ALOND JOW WÀLDICH BISTE</span> (plur.?)
16e. Purity of Language
16e. Purity of Language
*[161/05] <u>BIST THV</u> ALSA GÍRICH (plur.?)
*[161/05] <span class="fryas">BIST THV ALSA GÍRICH</span> (plur.?)
18. Rika: Title Theft
18. Rika: Title Theft
*[189/05] <span class="fryas">ALSA JY MÉNE SEND JY VNSKELDICH AN OFGODJE</span> (plur.)
*[192/20] <span class="fryas">THÀT JY THÉR WILLENS SKILDECH AN SEND</span> (plur.)


* [189/05] ALSA JY MÉNE <u>SEND JY</u> VNSKELDICH AN OFGODJE (plur.)
=== B1b) first person, past, plural===
9e. The Geartmen Move to Panj-ab
*[073/15] <span class="fryas">THAHWILA WY MITH ALLE MANNUM VPPA WALLUM TO STRIDANDE WÉRON</span>
14e. Demetrius and Friso
*[128/05] <span class="fryas">WI WÉRON TO LÉDEN MITH LIFTOCHTUM ÀND ORLOCH​.TUCH</span>
*[128/20] <span class="fryas">THAHWILA WI THÉRMITHA AL DVANDE WÉRON</span>
* [129/05] <span class="fryas">AS WI NW ARHALF KETTENG FON RA OF WÉRE BIGOSTON THA PHONISJAR TO SKIATA</span>
15a. Wilyo from the Saxonmarks
*[133/25] <span class="fryas">THAT WI ALLE BÉDE FON A​.DEL​.A HIS FOLK WÉRON</span>


* [192/20] THÀT <u>JY</u> THÉR WILLENS SKILDECH AN <u>SEND</u> (plur.)
==Notes==
<references />


[[Category:Word Studies]]
[[Category:Word Studies]]
[[Category:Grammar]]
[[Category:Grammar]]

Latest revision as of 09:20, 23 December 2023

WÉSA (var.: WÉSANE, WÉSANDE) is the infinitive 'to be' (Dutch/German: zijn/sein), sometimes shortened to SA (like HA is sometimes short for HÀVA).

The negative form is NÉSA (to not be) with inflections NIS (is not), NAS (was not) and NÉR/NÉRE/NÉRON (were not).

A) present

1) first person

a) singular

Fryas English Dutch German Danish Norse Swedish Icelandic
IK BEN/BIN I am ik ben ich bin jeg er jeg er jag är ég er

b) plural

Fryas English Dutch German Danish Norse Swedish Icelandic
WI/WY SEND we are we/wij zijn wir sind vi er vi er vi är við erum

2) second person

a) singular/plural

Fryas English Dutch German Danish Norse Swedish Icelandic
(THV/I/JOW) BIST(E)*

(only plur.: JY SEND)

you are sing.: je/U bent

plur.: jullie zijn/U bent

sing.: du bist/Sie sind

plur.: ihr seid/Sie sind

du er du er du är Þú ert

*BISTE when ending subordinate clause; see fragments [034/15], [083/10] and [118/10].

3) third person

a) singular

Fryas English Dutch German Danish Norse Swedish Icelandic
ER,HI/HJU/ET IS he/she/it is hij/zij/het is er/sie/es ist han/hun/det er han/hun/det er han/hon/det är hann/hún/Það er

b) plural

Fryas English Dutch German Danish Norse Swedish Icelandic
HJA SEND/SIND they are ze/zij zijn sie sind de er de er dom är þeir eru

B) past

1) first person

a) singular

Fryas English Dutch German Danish Norse Swedish Icelandic
IK WAS/WÉRE I was ik was ich war jeg var jeg var jag var ég var

b) plural

Fryas English Dutch German Danish Norse Swedish Icelandic
WI/WY WÉRON/WÉRE[1] we were we/wij waren wir waren vi var vi var vi var við vorum

2) second person

Not found in any of the texts, but would probably have been like first person.

3) third person

a) singular

Fryas English Dutch German Danish Norse Swedish Icelandic
ER,HI/HJU/ET WAS/WÉR(E) he/she/it was hij/zij/het was er/sie/es war han/hun/det var han/hun/det var han/hon/det var hann/hún/Það var

b) plural

Fryas English Dutch German Danish Norse Swedish Icelandic
HJA WÉRON/WÉRE they were ze/zij waren sie waren de var de var dom var þeir voru

C) perfect

Fryas English Dutch German Danish Norse Swedish Icelandic
WÉSEN/WÉST been geweest gewesen været vært varit verið

fragments

A1a) first person, present, singular

4c. Useful Precedents

  • [029/30] IK BIN ALD - ik ben oud - ich bin alt - I am old

4d. About Laws

  • [031/10] BIN.IK VRTJÛGAD* - ben ik overtuigd - bin ich überzeugt - am I convinved ('over-tied')

*VR.TJÛGATH from TÉJA (to pull, tie, weave, tow)

4f. Minerva

  • [033/30] ALSA BEN.IK É.LIK - alzo ben ik gelijk ('water-lijk') - also bin ich gleich ('wasser-gleich') - then am I equal ('water-like')
  • [034/30] BIN IK IN FRYA.S THJANEST - ben ik in Frya's dienst - bin ich in Frya's Dienst - am I in Frya's service

13f. Primal Teachings 2

  • [102/15] NI SEDSA IK BEN. MEN WEL IK WAS - niet zeggen ik ben, maar wel ik was - nicht sagen ich bin, aber wohl ich was - not say I am, but well I was
  • [102/25] THAHWILA.R SÉID IK BEN - terwijl hij zegt ik ben - daweile er sagt ich bin - while he says I am
  • [103/01] IK BEN. IEFTHA WEL. IK BEN THET BESTE DÉL - ik ben, oftewel, ik ben het beste deel - ich bin, oder wohl, ich bin der beste Teil - I am, or well, I am the best deal/part

14a. Fryasland Swamped

  • [113/25] BIN IK TO ASGA KÉREN - ben ik tot Asga gekozen - bin ich zu Asga gewählt - ...

14e. Demetrius and Friso

  • [130/10] THACH BEN IK ALSA HERDE FRYA.S

15a. Wilyo

  • [133/20] IK BEN THA FÁM

16a. Canals and Dykes

  • [143/05] BEN IK TO SINA FOLGAR KÉREN

16f. Panj-ab Report

  • [167/10] HWÉR IK BERN BEN

A1b) first person, present, plural

B. Liko Ovira Linda

  • [00b/10] THAT WI HJARA GRÁTESTE FJANDA SEND

1b. Adela’s Advice

  • [004/30] HO GRAT WI JETA SEND

4c. Useful Precedents

  • [031/01] THAT WI ANGE SEND

4e. Eawa

  • [033/10] DÁHWILA WI TO DVANDE SEND

4f. Minerva

  • [035/15] WI ALLE SEND TO DVANDE

8b. Wodin and the Magus

  • [054] WI SEND SKELDICH

13f. Primal Teachings 2

  • [101/30] ALSA SEND WY EN DÉL

14d. Alexander the King

  • [121/05] THÉRVMBE SEND WI FVL ÉRBIDENESE ... WY SEND FRY BERN FRYA.S BERN

16a. Canals and Dykes

  • [144/01] HJUD DÉGUM SEND WI TO DVANDE

16b. Friso: Alliances

  • [149/10] WI ALLE SEND FISKAR AND JUTTAR

19a. Askar Prepares for War

  • [197/20] SEND WI IN ALLE DÉLA OFNED

A2a/b) second person, present, singular/plural

4f. Minerva

  • [034/15] AS THV THÀN NÉN THJONSTER NE BISTE

8b. Wodin and the Magus

  • [054/20] THV BIST THENE WIGANDLIKSTE KÀNING JRTHA.S

8d. Tunis and the Tyrians

  • [059/05] THV BIST FÉR.HÉMANDA SWÀRVAR (plur.!)

9c. Kelta and the Gools

  • [067/15] THV BIST FRY.BERN ÀND VMBE LITHA LÉKA

9d. Jon and Minerva Resettle

  • [071/01] HO BIST WEL AN THINA SLÁVONA KVMEN (plur.?)

11b. Death of Frana

  • [083/10] FRÁNA VRMITES I KLÁR.SJANDE BISTE

13g. The Unsociable Man

  • [104/01] BIST EN ÀFTE FRYA.S
  • [106/01] BIST ÀRG BÁT.SJOCHTIG

14b. Expulsion of the Black Men

  • [118/10] ALOND JOW WÀLDICH BISTE (plur.?)

16e. Purity of Language

  • [161/05] BIST THV ALSA GÍRICH (plur.?)

18. Rika: Title Theft

  • [189/05] ALSA JY MÉNE SEND JY VNSKELDICH AN OFGODJE (plur.)
  • [192/20] THÀT JY THÉR WILLENS SKILDECH AN SEND (plur.)

B1b) first person, past, plural

9e. The Geartmen Move to Panj-ab

  • [073/15] THAHWILA WY MITH ALLE MANNUM VPPA WALLUM TO STRIDANDE WÉRON

14e. Demetrius and Friso

  • [128/05] WI WÉRON TO LÉDEN MITH LIFTOCHTUM ÀND ORLOCH​.TUCH
  • [128/20] THAHWILA WI THÉRMITHA AL DVANDE WÉRON
  • [129/05] AS WI NW ARHALF KETTENG FON RA OF WÉRE BIGOSTON THA PHONISJAR TO SKIATA

15a. Wilyo from the Saxonmarks

  • [133/25] THAT WI ALLE BÉDE FON A​.DEL​.A HIS FOLK WÉRON

Notes

  1. ↑ WÉRON was found 4 times, WÉRE 1 time.
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