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WÉSA (VAR.: WÉSANE, WÉSANDE) is the infinitive 'to be' (Dutch/German: zijn/sein).
<span class="fryas">WÉSA</span> (var.: <span class="fryas">WÉSANE, WÉSANDE</span>) is the infinitive 'to be' (Dutch/German: zijn/sein), sometimes shortened to <span class="fryas">SA</span> (like <span class="fryas">HA</span> is sometimes short for <span class="fryas">HÀVA</span>).
 
The negative form is <span class="fryas">NÉSA</span> (to not be) with inflections <span class="fryas">NIS</span> (is not), <span class="fryas">NAS</span> (was not) and <span class="fryas">NÉR/NÉRE/NÉRON</span> (were not).


==A) present==
==A) present==
Line 7: Line 9:
! Fryas || English || Dutch || German || Danish || Norse || Swedish || Icelandic
! Fryas || English || Dutch || German || Danish || Norse || Swedish || Icelandic
|-
|-
| IK BEN/BIN || I am || ik ben || ich bin || jeg er || jeg er || jag är || ég er
| <span class="fryas">IK BEN/BIN</span> || I am || ik ben || ich bin || jeg er || jeg er || jag är || ég er
|}
|}


Line 14: Line 16:
! Fryas || English || Dutch || German || Danish || Norse || Swedish || Icelandic
! Fryas || English || Dutch || German || Danish || Norse || Swedish || Icelandic
|-
|-
| WI/WY SEND || we are || we/wij zijn || wir sind || vi er || vi er || vi är || við erum
| <span class="fryas">WI/WY SEND</span> || we are || we/wij zijn || wir sind || vi er || vi er || vi är || við erum
|}
|}


Line 22: Line 24:
! Fryas || English || Dutch || German || Danish || Norse || Swedish || Icelandic
! Fryas || English || Dutch || German || Danish || Norse || Swedish || Icelandic
|-
|-
| (THV/I/JOW) BIST(E)*
| <span class="fryas">(THV/I/JOW) BIST(E)</span>*
(only plur.: JY SEND)
(only plur.: <span class="fryas">JY SEND</span>)
| you are || sing.: je/U bent
| you are || sing.: je/U bent
plur.: jullie zijn/U bent
plur.: jullie zijn/U bent
Line 30: Line 32:
| du er || du er || du är || Þú ert
| du er || du er || du är || Þú ert
|}
|}
<nowiki>*</nowiki>BISTE when at the end of (sub-) sentence (what is grammatical term?); see fragments [034/15], [083/10] and [118/10].
<nowiki>*</nowiki><span class="fryas">BISTE</span> when ending subordinate clause; see fragments [034/15], [083/10] and [118/10].


=== 3) third person ===
====a) singular====
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto"
! Fryas || English || Dutch || German || Danish || Norse || Swedish || Icelandic
|-
| <span class="fryas">ER,HI/HJU/ET IS</span> || he/she/it is || hij/zij/het is || er/sie/es ist || han/hun/det er || han/hun/det er || han/hon/det är || hann/hún/Það er
|}
====b) plural====
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto"
! Fryas || English || Dutch || German || Danish || Norse || Swedish || Icelandic
|-
| <span class="fryas">HJA SEND/SIND</span> || they are || ze/zij zijn || sie sind || de er || de er || dom är || þeir eru
|}
==B) past==
==B) past==
===1) first person===
====a) singular====
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto"
! Fryas || English || Dutch || German || Danish || Norse || Swedish || Icelandic
|-
| <span class="fryas">IK WAS/WÉRE</span> || I was || ik was || ich war || jeg var || jeg var || jag var || ég var
|}
====b) plural====
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto"
! Fryas || English || Dutch || German || Danish || Norse || Swedish || Icelandic
|-
| <span class="fryas">WI/WY WÉRON/WÉRE</span><ref><span class="fryas">WÉRON</span> was found 4 times, <span class="fryas">WÉRE</span> 1 time.</ref>|| we were || we/wij waren || wir waren || vi var || vi var || vi var || við vorum
|}
=== 2) second person===
Not found in any of the texts, but would probably have been like first person.
=== 3) third person ===
====a) singular====
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto"
! Fryas || English || Dutch || German || Danish || Norse || Swedish || Icelandic
|-
| <span class="fryas">ER,HI/HJU/ET WAS/WÉR(E)</span> || he/she/it was || hij/zij/het was || er/sie/es war || han/hun/det var || han/hun/det var || han/hon/det var || hann/hún/Það var
|}
====b) plural====
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto"
! Fryas || English || Dutch || German || Danish || Norse || Swedish || Icelandic
|-
| <span class="fryas">HJA WÉRON/WÉRE</span> || they were || ze/zij waren || sie waren || de var || de var || dom var || þeir voru
|}


==C) perfect==
==C) perfect==
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto"
! Fryas || English || Dutch || German || Danish || Norse || Swedish || Icelandic
|-
| <span class="fryas">WÉSEN/W</span><span class="fryas">ÉST</span>|| been || geweest || gewesen || været || vært || varit || verið
|}


==fragments==
==fragments==
===A1a) first person, present, singular===
===A1a) first person, present, singular===
4c. Useful Precedents
F1c. Useful Precedents  
*[029/30] <u>IK BIN</u> ALD - ik ben oud - ich bin alt - I am old
*[029/30] <span class="fryas">IK BIN ALD</span> - ik ben oud - ich bin alt - I am old
4d. About Laws
F1d. Concerning Laws  
*[031/10] <u>BIN.IK</u> ''VRTJÛGAD*'' - ben ik overtuigd - bin ich überzeugt - am I convinved ('over-tied')
*[031/10] <span class="fryas">BIN.IK VRTJÛGAD</span>* - ben ik overtuigd - bin ich überzeugt - am I convinved ('over-tied')
<nowiki>*</nowiki>VR.''TJÛGATH'' from TÉJA (to pull, tie, weave, tow)  
<nowiki>*</nowiki><span class="fryas">VR.TJÛGATH</span> from <span class="fryas">TÉJA</span> (to pull, tie, weave, tow)
4f. Minerva
 
*[033/30] ALSA <u>BEN.IK</u> É.LIK - alzo ben ik gelijk ('water-lijk') - also bin ich gleich ('wasser-gleich') - then am I equal ('water-like')
F2. Minerva
*[034/30] <u>BIN IK</u> IN FRYA.S THJANEST - ben ik in Frya's dienst - bin ich in Frya's Dienst - am I in Frya's service
* [033/30] <span class="fryas">ALSA BEN.IK É.LIK</span> - alzo ben ik gelijk ('water-lijk') - also bin ich gleich ('wasser-gleich') - then am I equal ('water-like')
13f. Primal Teachings 2
*[034/30] <span class="fryas">BIN IK IN FRYA.S THJANEST</span> - ben ik in Frya's dienst - bin ich in Frya's Dienst - am I in Frya's service
*[102/15] NI SEDSA <u>IK BEN</u>. MEN WEL IK WAS - niet zeggen ik ben, maar wel ik was - nicht sagen ich bin, aber wohl ich was - not say I am, but well I was
R4b. Primal Teachings 2
*[102/25] THAHWILA.R SÉID <u>IK BEN</u> - terwijl hij zegt ik ben - daweile er sagt ich bin - while he says I am
* [102/15] <span class="fryas">NI SEDSA IK BEN. MEN WEL IK WAS</span> - niet zeggen ik ben, maar wel ik was - nicht sagen ich bin, aber wohl ich was - not say I am, but well I was
*[103/01] <u>IK BEN</u>. IEFTHA WEL. <u>IK BEN</u> THET BESTE DÉL - ik ben, oftewel, ik ben het beste deel - ich bin, oder wohl, ich bin der beste Teil - I am, or well, I am the best deal/part
*[102/25] <span class="fryas">THAHWILA.R SÉID IK BEN</span> - terwijl hij zegt ik ben - daweile er sagt ich bin - while he says I am
14a. Fryasland Swamped
*[103/01] <span class="fryas">IK BEN. IEFTHA WEL. IK BEN THET BESTE DÉL</span> - ik ben, oftewel, ik ben het beste deel - ich bin, oder wohl, ich bin der beste Teil - I am, or well, I am the best deal/part
*[113/25] <u>BIN IK</u> TO ASGA ''KÉREN'' - ben ik tot Asga gekozen - bin ich zu Asga gewählt - ...
S1a. Grievances
14e. Demetrius and Friso
*[113/25] <span class="fryas">BIN IK TO ASGA KÉREN</span> - ben ik tot Asga gekozen - bin ich zu Asga gewählt - ...
*[130/10] THACH <u>BEN IK</u> ALSA HERDE FRYA.S
S3b. Demetrius and Friso
15a. Wilyo
*[130/10] <span class="fryas">THACH BEN IK ALSA HERDE FRYA.S</span>
*[133/20] <u>IK BEN</u> THA [25] FÁM
T1. Introduction Wilyo
16a. Canals and Dykes
* [133/20] <span class="fryas">IK BEN THA FÁM</span>
*[143/05] <u>BEN IK</u> TO SINA FOLGAR ''KÉREN''
U1. Canals and Dykes
16f. Panj-ab Report
*[143/05] <span class="fryas">BEN IK TO SINA FOLGAR KÉREN</span>
*[167/10] HWÉR <u>IK</u> ''BERN'' <u>BEN</u>
U4. Panj-ab Report
*[167/10] <span class="fryas">HWÉR IK BERN BEN</span>


===A1b) first person, present, plural===
===A1b) first person, present, plural===
B. Liko Ovira Linda
B. Liko Ovira Linda
*[00b/10] THAT <u>WI</u> HJARA GRÁTESTE FJANDA <u>SEND</u>
*[00b/10] <span class="fryas">THAT WI HJARA GRÁTESTE FJANDA SEND</span>
1b. Adela’s Advice
Cb. Adela’s Advice
*[004/30] HO GRAT <u>WI</u> JETA <u>SEND</u>
*[004/30] <span class="fryas">HO GRAT WI JETA SEND</span>
4c. Useful Precedents
F1c. Useful Precedents
*[031/01] THAT <u>WI</u> ANGE <u>SEND</u>
*[031/01] <span class="fryas">THAT WI ANGE SEND</span>
4e. Eawa
F1e. Eawa
*[033/10] DÁHWILA <u>WI</u> [15] ''TO DVANDE'' <u>SEND</u>
*[033/10] <span class="fryas">DÁHWILA WI TO DVANDE SEND</span>  
4f. Minerva
F2. Minerva
*[035/15] <u>WI</u> ALLE <u>SEND</u> ''TO DVANDE''
*[035/15] <span class="fryas">WI ALLE SEND TO DVANDE</span>
8b. Wodin and the Magus
K2. Wodin
*[054] <u>WI SEND</u> SKELDICH
*[054] <span class="fryas">WI SEND SKELDICH</span>
13f. Primal Teachings 2
R4b. Primal Teachings 2
*[101/30] ALSA <u>SEND WY</u> EN DÉL
*[101/30] <span class="fryas">ALSA SEND WY EN DÉL</span>
14d. Alexander the King
S3a. Alexander the King
*[121/05] THÉRVMBE <u>SEND WI</u> FVL ÉRBIDENESE ... <u>WY SEND</u> FRY BERN FRYA.S BERN
*[121/05] <span class="fryas">THÉRVMBE SEND WI FVL ÉRBIDENESE ... WY SEND FRY BERN FRYA.S BERN</span>
16a. Canals and Dykes
U1. Canals and Dykes
*[144/01] HJUD DÉGUM <u>SEND WI</u> ''TO DVANDE''
*[144/01] <span class="fryas">HJUD DÉGUM SEND WI TO DVANDE</span>  
16b. Friso: Alliances
U2b. Danish Alliance
*[149/10] <u>WI</u> ALLE <u>SEND</u> FISKAR AND JUTTAR
*[149/10] <span class="fryas">WI ALLE SEND FISKAR AND JUTTAR</span>
19a. Askar Prepares for War
Za. War Games
*[197/20] <u>SEND WI</u> IN ALLE DÉLA OFNED
*[197/20] <span class="fryas">SEND WI IN ALLE DÉLA OFNED</span>


=== A2a/b) second person, present, singular/plural ===
===A2a/b) second person, present, singular/plural===
4f. Minerva
F2. Minerva
* [034/15] AS <u>THV</u> THÀN NÉN THJONSTER NE <u>BISTE</u>
*[034/15] <span class="fryas">AS THV THÀN NÉN THJONSTER NE BISTE</span>
8b. Wodin and the Magus
K2. Wodin
*[054/20] <u>THV BIST</u> THENE WIGANDLIKSTE KÀNING JRTHA.S
* [054/20] <span class="fryas">THV BIST THENE WIGANDLIKSTE KÀNING JRTHA.S</span>
8d. Tunis and the Tyrians
K3b. Tunis and the Tyrians
*[059/05] <u>THV BIST</u> FÉR.HÉMANDA SWÀRVAR (plur.!)
*[059/05] <span class="fryas">THV BIST FÉR.HÉMANDA SWÀRVAR</span> (plur.!)
9c. Kelta and the Gools
L1c. Kelta and the Gola
*[067/15] <u>THV BIST</u> FRY.''BERN'' ÀND VMBE LITHA LÉKA
* [067/15] <span class="fryas">THV BIST FRY.BERN ÀND VMBE LITHA LÉKA</span>
9d. Jon and Minerva Resettle
L2a. Jon and Minerva
*[071/01] HO <u>BIST</u> WEL AN THINA SLÁVONA ''KVMEN'' (plur.?)
*[071/01] <span class="fryas">HO BIST WEL AN THINA SLÁVONA KVMEN</span> (plur.?)
11b. Death of Frana
N2a. Frana’s Prophecy
*[083/10] FRÁNA VRMITES <u>I</u> KLÁR.SJANDE [15] <u>BISTE</u>
*[083/10] <span class="fryas">FRÁNA VRMITES I KLÁR.SJANDE BISTE</span>
13g. The Unsociable Man
R5. The Unsociable Man
*[104/01] <u>BIST</u> EN ÀFTE FRYA.S.
*[104/01] <span class="fryas">BIST EN ÀFTE FRYA.S</span>
*[106/01] <u>BIST</u> ÀRG BÁT.SJOCHTIG
*[106/01] <span class="fryas">BIST ÀRG BÁT.SJOCHTIG</span>
14b. Expulsion of the Black Men
S1c. The Black Men
*[118/10] ALOND <u>JOW</u> WÀLDICH <u>BISTE</u> (plur.?)
*[118/10] <span class="fryas">ALOND JOW WÀLDICH BISTE</span> (plur.?)
16e. Purity of Language
U3b. Purity of Language
*[161/05] <u>BIST THV</u> ALSA GÍRICH (plur.?)
*[161/05] <span class="fryas">BIST THV ALSA GÍRICH</span> (plur.?)
18. Rika: Title Theft
Y. Rika: Title Theft
*[189/05] <span class="fryas">ALSA JY MÉNE SEND JY VNSKELDICH AN OFGODJE</span> (plur.)
*[192/20] <span class="fryas">THÀT JY THÉR WILLENS SKILDECH AN SEND</span> (plur.)


* [189/05] ALSA JY MÉNE <u>SEND JY</u> VNSKELDICH AN OFGODJE (plur.)
=== B1b) first person, past, plural===
L2b. The Geartmen
*[073/15] <span class="fryas">THAHWILA WY MITH ALLE MANNUM VPPA WALLUM TO STRIDANDE WÉRON</span>
S3b. Demetrius and Friso
*[128/05] <span class="fryas">WI WÉRON TO LÉDEN MITH LIFTOCHTUM ÀND ORLOCH​.TUCH</span>
*[128/20] <span class="fryas">THAHWILA WI THÉRMITHA AL DVANDE WÉRON</span>
* [129/05] <span class="fryas">AS WI NW ARHALF KETTENG FON RA OF WÉRE BIGOSTON THA PHONISJAR TO SKIATA</span>
T1. Introduction Wilyo
*[133/25] <span class="fryas">THAT WI ALLE BÉDE FON A​.DEL​.A HIS FOLK WÉRON</span>


* [192/20] THÀT <u>JY</u> THÉR WILLENS SKILDECH AN <u>SEND</u> (plur.)
==Notes==
<references />


[[Category:Word Studies]]
[[Category:Word Studies]]
[[Category:Grammar]]
[[Category:Grammar]]

Latest revision as of 13:53, 9 May 2026

WÉSA (var.: WÉSANE, WÉSANDE) is the infinitive 'to be' (Dutch/German: zijn/sein), sometimes shortened to SA (like HA is sometimes short for HÀVA).

The negative form is NÉSA (to not be) with inflections NIS (is not), NAS (was not) and NÉR/NÉRE/NÉRON (were not).

A) present

1) first person

a) singular

Fryas English Dutch German Danish Norse Swedish Icelandic
IK BEN/BIN I am ik ben ich bin jeg er jeg er jag är ég er

b) plural

Fryas English Dutch German Danish Norse Swedish Icelandic
WI/WY SEND we are we/wij zijn wir sind vi er vi er vi är við erum

2) second person

a) singular/plural

Fryas English Dutch German Danish Norse Swedish Icelandic
(THV/I/JOW) BIST(E)*

(only plur.: JY SEND)

you are sing.: je/U bent

plur.: jullie zijn/U bent

sing.: du bist/Sie sind

plur.: ihr seid/Sie sind

du er du er du är Þú ert

*BISTE when ending subordinate clause; see fragments [034/15], [083/10] and [118/10].

3) third person

a) singular

Fryas English Dutch German Danish Norse Swedish Icelandic
ER,HI/HJU/ET IS he/she/it is hij/zij/het is er/sie/es ist han/hun/det er han/hun/det er han/hon/det är hann/hún/Það er

b) plural

Fryas English Dutch German Danish Norse Swedish Icelandic
HJA SEND/SIND they are ze/zij zijn sie sind de er de er dom är þeir eru

B) past

1) first person

a) singular

Fryas English Dutch German Danish Norse Swedish Icelandic
IK WAS/WÉRE I was ik was ich war jeg var jeg var jag var ég var

b) plural

Fryas English Dutch German Danish Norse Swedish Icelandic
WI/WY WÉRON/WÉRE[1] we were we/wij waren wir waren vi var vi var vi var við vorum

2) second person

Not found in any of the texts, but would probably have been like first person.

3) third person

a) singular

Fryas English Dutch German Danish Norse Swedish Icelandic
ER,HI/HJU/ET WAS/WÉR(E) he/she/it was hij/zij/het was er/sie/es war han/hun/det var han/hun/det var han/hon/det var hann/hún/Það var

b) plural

Fryas English Dutch German Danish Norse Swedish Icelandic
HJA WÉRON/WÉRE they were ze/zij waren sie waren de var de var dom var þeir voru

C) perfect

Fryas English Dutch German Danish Norse Swedish Icelandic
WÉSEN/WÉST been geweest gewesen været vært varit verið

fragments

A1a) first person, present, singular

F1c. Useful Precedents

  • [029/30] IK BIN ALD - ik ben oud - ich bin alt - I am old

F1d. Concerning Laws

  • [031/10] BIN.IK VRTJÛGAD* - ben ik overtuigd - bin ich überzeugt - am I convinved ('over-tied')

*VR.TJÛGATH from TÉJA (to pull, tie, weave, tow)

F2. Minerva

  • [033/30] ALSA BEN.IK É.LIK - alzo ben ik gelijk ('water-lijk') - also bin ich gleich ('wasser-gleich') - then am I equal ('water-like')
  • [034/30] BIN IK IN FRYA.S THJANEST - ben ik in Frya's dienst - bin ich in Frya's Dienst - am I in Frya's service

R4b. Primal Teachings 2

  • [102/15] NI SEDSA IK BEN. MEN WEL IK WAS - niet zeggen ik ben, maar wel ik was - nicht sagen ich bin, aber wohl ich was - not say I am, but well I was
  • [102/25] THAHWILA.R SÉID IK BEN - terwijl hij zegt ik ben - daweile er sagt ich bin - while he says I am
  • [103/01] IK BEN. IEFTHA WEL. IK BEN THET BESTE DÉL - ik ben, oftewel, ik ben het beste deel - ich bin, oder wohl, ich bin der beste Teil - I am, or well, I am the best deal/part

S1a. Grievances

  • [113/25] BIN IK TO ASGA KÉREN - ben ik tot Asga gekozen - bin ich zu Asga gewählt - ...

S3b. Demetrius and Friso

  • [130/10] THACH BEN IK ALSA HERDE FRYA.S

T1. Introduction Wilyo

  • [133/20] IK BEN THA FÁM

U1. Canals and Dykes

  • [143/05] BEN IK TO SINA FOLGAR KÉREN

U4. Panj-ab Report

  • [167/10] HWÉR IK BERN BEN

A1b) first person, present, plural

B. Liko Ovira Linda

  • [00b/10] THAT WI HJARA GRÁTESTE FJANDA SEND

Cb. Adela’s Advice

  • [004/30] HO GRAT WI JETA SEND

F1c. Useful Precedents

  • [031/01] THAT WI ANGE SEND

F1e. Eawa

  • [033/10] DÁHWILA WI TO DVANDE SEND

F2. Minerva

  • [035/15] WI ALLE SEND TO DVANDE

K2. Wodin

  • [054] WI SEND SKELDICH

R4b. Primal Teachings 2

  • [101/30] ALSA SEND WY EN DÉL

S3a. Alexander the King

  • [121/05] THÉRVMBE SEND WI FVL ÉRBIDENESE ... WY SEND FRY BERN FRYA.S BERN

U1. Canals and Dykes

  • [144/01] HJUD DÉGUM SEND WI TO DVANDE

U2b. Danish Alliance

  • [149/10] WI ALLE SEND FISKAR AND JUTTAR

Za. War Games

  • [197/20] SEND WI IN ALLE DÉLA OFNED

A2a/b) second person, present, singular/plural

F2. Minerva

  • [034/15] AS THV THÀN NÉN THJONSTER NE BISTE

K2. Wodin

  • [054/20] THV BIST THENE WIGANDLIKSTE KÀNING JRTHA.S

K3b. Tunis and the Tyrians

  • [059/05] THV BIST FÉR.HÉMANDA SWÀRVAR (plur.!)

L1c. Kelta and the Gola

  • [067/15] THV BIST FRY.BERN ÀND VMBE LITHA LÉKA

L2a. Jon and Minerva

  • [071/01] HO BIST WEL AN THINA SLÁVONA KVMEN (plur.?)

N2a. Frana’s Prophecy

  • [083/10] FRÁNA VRMITES I KLÁR.SJANDE BISTE

R5. The Unsociable Man

  • [104/01] BIST EN ÀFTE FRYA.S
  • [106/01] BIST ÀRG BÁT.SJOCHTIG

S1c. The Black Men

  • [118/10] ALOND JOW WÀLDICH BISTE (plur.?)

U3b. Purity of Language

  • [161/05] BIST THV ALSA GÍRICH (plur.?)

Y. Rika: Title Theft

  • [189/05] ALSA JY MÉNE SEND JY VNSKELDICH AN OFGODJE (plur.)
  • [192/20] THÀT JY THÉR WILLENS SKILDECH AN SEND (plur.)

B1b) first person, past, plural

L2b. The Geartmen

  • [073/15] THAHWILA WY MITH ALLE MANNUM VPPA WALLUM TO STRIDANDE WÉRON

S3b. Demetrius and Friso

  • [128/05] WI WÉRON TO LÉDEN MITH LIFTOCHTUM ÀND ORLOCH​.TUCH
  • [128/20] THAHWILA WI THÉRMITHA AL DVANDE WÉRON
  • [129/05] AS WI NW ARHALF KETTENG FON RA OF WÉRE BIGOSTON THA PHONISJAR TO SKIATA

T1. Introduction Wilyo

  • [133/25] THAT WI ALLE BÉDE FON A​.DEL​.A HIS FOLK WÉRON

Notes

  1. ↑ WÉRON was found 4 times, WÉRE 1 time.
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