ACHA (ÁCHA) - Revision history

Jan at 07:05, 2 April 2026

2026-04-02T07:05:55Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:05, 2 April 2026
Line 13:		Line 13:

	Infinite form is not used, but might have been <span class="fryas">ÁCHA</span><ref>either with or without the accent; it is sometimes hardly distinguishable</ref>'''/''' <span class="fryas">HAGA</span> (ought to, shall, must): no present-past variety.		Infinite form is not used, but might have been <span class="fryas">ÁCHA</span><ref>either with or without the accent; it is sometimes hardly distinguishable</ref>'''/''' <span class="fryas">HAGA</span> (ought to, shall, must): no present-past variety.

			(Possibly related: noun <span class="fryas">ACHT</span> and verb <span class="fryas">ACHTja</span>.)

	<u>singular:</u>		<u>singular:</u>

Jan: Duinker

2026-04-01T10:38:10Z

Duinker

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:38, 1 April 2026
Line 1:		Line 1:
	== Auxiliary verb <span class="fryas">ÁCHA</span> ==		'''Auxiliary verb <span class="fryas">ÁCHA</span>'''
	~~The Old Frisian syntactic construct~~ ''aga te'' (ought to, shall, must) + gerund has been subject of a study published in ''[https://books.google.nl/books?id=uWa5X5qa9bAC&lpg=PP1&hl=nl&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false Aspects of Old Frisian philology]''~~,<ref>Author: Jelka Schilt; editor: Rolf H. Bremmer (1990, p.391).</ref> I intend to discuss this study, after an inventory of the use of this construct in Oera Linda.~~

	Considering the exceptional use in [[EN009.18 Frya\|ch. D4]] [012/07], the best fitting Dutch translation of the word would be ''behoren'' (assumed to be dreived from ''horen''; to hear), which can be used in two ways:		The Old Frisian syntactic construct ''aga te'' (ought to, shall, must) + gerund has been subject of a study published in ''[https://books.google.nl/books?id=uWa5X5qa9bAC&lpg=PP1&hl=nl&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false Aspects of Old Frisian philology].''<ref>Author: Jelka Schilt; editor: Rolf H. Bremmer (1990, p.391).</ref>

			The verb was also part of a short discussion between Ahnenerbe and translator [[Cornelis Duinker]] in 1938 (see below).

			Considering the exceptional use in OL [[EN009.18 Frya\|ch. D4]] [012/07], the best fitting Dutch translation of the word would be ''behoren'' (assumed to be dreived from ''horen''; to hear), which can be used in two ways:

	# ''behoren aan'': belong to/ be owned by;		# ''behoren aan'': belong to/ be owned by;
Line 23:		Line 26:
	The verb <span class="fryas">ÁCHA</span> is used 31 times, once as a main verb and 30 times as an auxiliary verb, twice of the latter in combination with more than one main verb (fragments 20: 2 and 26: 3). The number of main verbs supported by <span class="fryas">ÁCHA</span>, therefore, is 33.		The verb <span class="fryas">ÁCHA</span> is used 31 times, once as a main verb and 30 times as an auxiliary verb, twice of the latter in combination with more than one main verb (fragments 20: 2 and 26: 3). The number of main verbs supported by <span class="fryas">ÁCHA</span>, therefore, is 33.

	=== Exceptional uses, in order frequency ===		== Exceptional uses, in order frequency ==
	<u>1) Verb <span class="fryas">ACHA</span></u>		<u>1) Verb <span class="fryas">ACHA</span></u>

Line 39:		Line 42:
	*<span class="fryas">TO NVDANDE/ NJODANE/ NJVDANE</span> (3x.)		*<span class="fryas">TO NVDANDE/ NJODANE/ NJVDANE</span> (3x.)

	=== Fragments ===		== Fragments ==
	[[EN001.16 Adela\|Cb. Adela’s Advice]]		[[EN001.16 Adela\|Cb. Adela’s Advice]]

Line 138:		Line 141:
	31. [197/16] <span class="fryas">ALSA ÁGON THA <u>KNÁPA</u> (...) ÀFTERWÉIN TO <u>LÉTANE</u></span> / young-men ought to leave/let		31. [197/16] <span class="fryas">ALSA ÁGON THA <u>KNÁPA</u> (...) ÀFTERWÉIN TO <u>LÉTANE</u></span> / young-men ought to leave/let

	=== Notes ===		== 1938 discussion Ahnenerbe - Duinker ==
			[[Wolfram H.F. Sievers\|Sievers]] → [[Cornelis Duinker\|Duinker]], 17-10-1938<blockquote>(...) und vor allem falsch das Präteritopräsens fries. âch, Plur. âgon und Varianten. Ottema übersetzt das fries. Präteritopräsens stets mit behooren im Sinne von nhd. “sich geziemen”. Sie übertragen ständig (die Belege können beigebracht werden) mit “gehören”. In allen einschlägigen Fällen ist fries. âch, âgon und Var. im Nhd. einfach mit “Hat zu, haben zu” und folgendem Infinitiv zu übersetzen. Das ist wortwörtlich und wäre gutes, schlichtes Deutsch. Sie wissen aber offenbar nicht, was das fries. Verb eigentlich bedeutet, und so mühen Sie sich ständig an der holl. Übersetsung mit behooren ab (...)</blockquote>Duinker → Sievers, 4-11-1938<blockquote>Bei der Übersetzung der fr. Worte ach und achen mit gehören in der Bedeutung von geziemen, habe ich lange nachgedacht. Mit hat zu oder haben zu‚ wie Sie vorschlagen‚ habe ich mich nicht vereinigen können, denn haben zu ist gleich eines Befehls. Wenn man sagst: ”Sie haben einen Brief zu schreiben”, so ist das ein Befehl, während das achen mehr eine Bitte oder einen Wunsch [2] ausdrückt. Meiner Ansicht nach, könnte man das Wort besser mit möchte übersetzen. Ich werde die Übersetzung daraufhin nochmals durcharbeiten und das gehören durch möchten ersetzen.</blockquote>

			== Notes ==
	<references />		<references />
	[[Category:Word Studies]]		[[Category:Word Studies]]

Jan: update 2

2026-04-01T07:40:50Z

update 2

Show changes

Jan: update deels

2026-03-31T07:59:44Z

update deels

Show changes

Jan at 18:34, 23 April 2023

2023-04-23T18:34:00Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:34, 23 April 2023
Line 5:		Line 5:
	Considering the exceptional use in 2d. [012/07], the best fitting Dutch translation of the word would be 'behoren' (allegedly dreived from 'horen'; to hear), which can be used in two ways:		Considering the exceptional use in 2d. [012/07], the best fitting Dutch translation of the word would be 'behoren' (allegedly dreived from 'horen'; to hear), which can be used in two ways:

	1) 'behoren aan': belong to/ be owned by;		# 'behoren aan': belong to/ be owned by;
			# 'behoren te + inf.': ought to + inf.
	2) 'behoren te + inf.': ought to + inf.

	Note the similarity with ÁGON - eyes, [[HÁCH]] - high.		Note the similarity with ÁGON - eyes, [[HÁCH]] - high.
Line 15:		Line 14:
	<u>singular:</u>		<u>singular:</u>

	'''IK/ ER ÁCH''' (10x)'''/ ER ÁGATH''' (1x)		* '''IK/ ER ÁCH''' (10x)'''/ ER ÁGATH''' (1x)
			* '''THV ACHST(-E/-V)''' (4x)
	'''THV ACHST(-E/-V)''' (4x)

	<u>plural:</u>		<u>plural:</u>

	'''WI/ HJA AGON''' (8x)'''/ ACHON''' (3x)'''/ HAGON''' (2x)'''/ HJA HAGATH''' (1x)		* '''WI/ HJA AGON''' (8x)'''/ ACHON''' (3x)'''/ HAGON''' (2x)'''/ HJA HAGATH''' (1x)
			* '''J HAGATH/ AGHAT''' (both only one)
	'''J HAGATH/ AGHAT''' (both only one)

	The verb ÁCHA is used 31 times, once as a main verb and 30 times as an auxiliary verb, twice of the latter in combination with more than one main verb (fragments 20: 2 and 26: 3). The number of main verbs supported by ÁCHA, therefore, is 33.		The verb ÁCHA is used 31 times, once as a main verb and 30 times as an auxiliary verb, twice of the latter in combination with more than one main verb (fragments 20: 2 and 26: 3). The number of main verbs supported by ÁCHA, therefore, is 33.

	==Exceptional uses, in order frequency==		==Exceptional uses, in order frequency==
	1) Verb ACHA		<u>1) Verb ACHA</u>

	*1/31 fragment 3 (Frya's Tex): '''as main verb, meaning 'belong to''''.		*1/31 fragment 3 (Frya's Tex): '''as main verb, meaning 'belong to''''.
Line 34:		Line 31:
	*4/31 fragments 1, 2 (Adela), 20a (Helpers Adela), 21 (Primal Teachings): '''verb starts with H-''' (2x HAGATH, 2x HAGON).		*4/31 fragments 1, 2 (Adela), 20a (Helpers Adela), 21 (Primal Teachings): '''verb starts with H-''' (2x HAGATH, 2x HAGON).
	*4/31 fragments 1, 2 (Adela), 3, 4 (Frya's Tex): '''conjugation ending -ath''' (1x -at), both for plural and singular.		*4/31 fragments 1, 2 (Adela), 3, 4 (Frya's Tex): '''conjugation ending -ath''' (1x -at), both for plural and singular.
	*3/13 fragments 7 (Laws 1), 18, (Laws 2), 25 (Liudgert 1): '''plural form ending -ON is spelled with -CH-: ACHON'''; the more common form is (H)AGON.2) Supported main verb		*3/13 fragments 7 (Laws 1), 18, (Laws 2), 25 (Liudgert 1): '''plural form ending -ON is spelled with -CH-: ACHON'''; the more common form is (H)AGON.
			<u>2) Supported main verb</u>
	*1/33 fragment 9 (Minno): '''without 'TO'''': MÀN ACH WÉIZARJA. (In fragment 20b. LÉTA also lacks 'TO', but borrows from 20a. TO TELLA.)		*1/33 fragment 9 (Minno): '''without 'TO'''': MÀN ACH WÉIZARJA. (In fragment 20b. LÉTA also lacks 'TO', but borrows from 20a. TO TELLA.)
	*5/33 fragments 9 (Minno), 16, 18 (Laws 2), 20a, 20b (Helpers Adela): '''verb does not end with -NDE''' (found 7x)''', -NA''' (found 4x) '''or -NE''' (found 17x), rather it is a basic infinitive: WÉIZARJA, SÉKA, FORMYDA, TELLA, LÉTA.The verbs more than once supported by ACHA are:		*5/33 fragments 9 (Minno), 16, 18 (Laws 2), 20a, 20b (Helpers Adela): '''verb does not end with -NDE''' (found 7x)''', -NA''' (found 4x) '''or -NE''' (found 17x), rather it is a basic infinitive: WÉIZARJA, SÉKA, FORMYDA, TELLA, LÉTA.
			The verbs more than once supported by ACHA are:
	*TO LÉTA(NE) (4x),		*TO LÉTA(NE) (4x),
	*TO WÉRANE/-A (3x) and		*TO WÉRANE/-A (3x) and

Jan at 18:30, 23 April 2023

2023-04-23T18:30:49Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:30, 23 April 2023
Line 1:		Line 1:
	~~===~~ Auxiliary verb ÁCHA ~~===~~		'''Auxiliary verb ÁCHA'''

	The Old Frisian syntactic construct ''aga te'' (ought to, shall, must) + gerund has been subject of a study by Jelka Schilt, published in ''[https://books.google.nl/books?id=uWa5X5qa9bAC&lpg=PP1&hl=nl&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false Aspects of Old Frisian philology]'' (1990, p.391), edited by Rolf H. Bremmer et al. I intend to discuss this study, after an inventory of the use of this construct in the Oera Linda-book (not only in the samples).		The Old Frisian syntactic construct ''aga te'' (ought to, shall, must) + gerund has been subject of a study by Jelka Schilt, published in ''[https://books.google.nl/books?id=uWa5X5qa9bAC&lpg=PP1&hl=nl&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false Aspects of Old Frisian philology]'' (1990, p.391), edited by Rolf H. Bremmer et al. I intend to discuss this study, after an inventory of the use of this construct in the Oera Linda-book (not only in the samples).

Line 36:		Line 37:

	*1/33 fragment 9 (Minno): '''without 'TO'''': MÀN ACH WÉIZARJA. (In fragment 20b. LÉTA also lacks 'TO', but borrows from 20a. TO TELLA.)		*1/33 fragment 9 (Minno): '''without 'TO'''': MÀN ACH WÉIZARJA. (In fragment 20b. LÉTA also lacks 'TO', but borrows from 20a. TO TELLA.)
	*5/33 fragments 9 (Minno), 16, 18 (Laws 2), 20a, 20b (Helpers Adela): '''verb does not end with -NDE''' (found 7x)''', -NA''' (found 4x) '''or -NE''' (found 17x), rather it is a basic infinitive: WÉIZARJA, SÉKA, FORMYDA, TELLA, LÉTA.The verbs more than once supported by ACHA are:		*5/33 fragments 9 (Minno), 16, 18 (Laws 2), 20a, 20b (Helpers Adela): '''verb does not end with -NDE''' (found 7x)''', -NA''' (found 4x) '''or -NE''' (found 17x), rather it is a basic infinitive: WÉIZARJA, SÉKA, FORMYDA, TELLA, LÉTA.The verbs more than once supported by ACHA are:

	*TO LÉTA(NE) (4x),		*TO LÉTA(NE) (4x),
Line 42:		Line 43:
	*TO NVDANDE/ NJODANE/ NJVDANE (3x.)		*TO NVDANDE/ NJODANE/ NJVDANE (3x.)

	==Fragments ==		==Fragments==
	1. [004/26] '''1b. Adela'''		1. [004/26] '''1b. Adela'''

Jan at 18:30, 23 April 2023

2023-04-23T18:30:00Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:30, 23 April 2023
Line 166:		Line 166:

	ALSA ÁGON THA '''KNÁPA''' (...) ÀFTERWÉIN ''TO LÉTANE'' / young-men ought to leave/let		ALSA ÁGON THA '''KNÁPA''' (...) ÀFTERWÉIN ''TO LÉTANE'' / young-men ought to leave/let

			==Notes==
			<references />
	[[Category:Word Studies]]		[[Category:Word Studies]]

Jan at 18:29, 23 April 2023

2023-04-23T18:29:06Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:29, 23 April 2023
Line 8:		Line 8:
	2) 'behoren te + inf.': ought to + inf.		2) 'behoren te + inf.': ought to + inf.

			Note the similarity with ÁGON - eyes, [[HÁCH]] - high.

			Infinite form is not used, but might have been '''ÁCHA'''<ref>either with or without the accent; it is sometimes hardly distinguishable</ref>'''/ HAGA''' (ought to, shall, must): no present-past variety.
	~~Note the similarity with ÁGON - eyes, HÁCH - high.~~

	Infinite form is not used, but might have been '''ÁCHA*/ HAGA''' (ought to, shall, must): no present-past variety.

	~~<nowiki>*</nowiki> either with or without the accent; it is sometimes hardly distinguishable~~

	<u>singular:</u>		<u>singular:</u>

Jan: various

2023-04-23T18:27:06Z

various

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:27, 23 April 2023
Line 11:		Line 11:

	Note the similarity with ÁGON - eyes, HÁCH - high.		Note the similarity with ÁGON - eyes, HÁCH - high.



	Infinite form is not used, but might have been '''ÁCHA*/ HAGA''' (ought to, shall, must): no present-past variety.		Infinite form is not used, but might have been '''ÁCHA*/ HAGA''' (ought to, shall, must): no present-past variety.
Line 18:		Line 16:
	<nowiki>*</nowiki> either with or without the accent; it is sometimes hardly distinguishable		<nowiki>*</nowiki> either with or without the accent; it is sometimes hardly distinguishable

	singular:		<u>singular:</u>

	'''IK/ ER ÁCH''' (10x)'''/ ER ÁGATH''' (1x)		'''IK/ ER ÁCH''' (10x)'''/ ER ÁGATH''' (1x)
Line 24:		Line 22:
	'''THV ACHST(-E/-V)''' (4x)		'''THV ACHST(-E/-V)''' (4x)

	plural:		<u>plural:</u>

	'''WI/ HJA AGON''' (8x)'''/ ACHON''' (3x)'''/ HAGON''' (2x)'''/ HJA HAGATH''' (1x)		'''WI/ HJA AGON''' (8x)'''/ ACHON''' (3x)'''/ HAGON''' (2x)'''/ HJA HAGATH''' (1x)

	'''J HAGATH/ AGHAT''' (both only one)		'''J HAGATH/ AGHAT''' (both only one)



	The verb ÁCHA is used 31 times, once as a main verb and 30 times as an auxiliary verb, twice of the latter in combination with more than one main verb (fragments 20: 2 and 26: 3). The number of main verbs supported by ÁCHA, therefore, is 33.		The verb ÁCHA is used 31 times, once as a main verb and 30 times as an auxiliary verb, twice of the latter in combination with more than one main verb (fragments 20: 2 and 26: 3). The number of main verbs supported by ÁCHA, therefore, is 33.

			==Exceptional uses, in order frequency==

	~~'''~~Exceptional uses, in order frequency~~:'''~~

	1) Verb ACHA		1) Verb ACHA

	* 1/31 fragment 3 (Frya's Tex): '''as main verb, meaning 'belong to''''.		*1/31 fragment 3 (Frya's Tex): '''as main verb, meaning 'belong to''''.
	* 1/31 fragment 4 (Frya's Tex): '''spelling -GH-''' (AGHAT); -AT instead of -ATH is also unusual..		*1/31 fragment 4 (Frya's Tex): '''spelling -GH-''' (AGHAT); -AT instead of -ATH is also unusual..
	* 4/31 fragments 1, 2 (Adela), 20a (Helpers Adela), 21 (Primal Teachings): '''verb starts with H-''' (2x HAGATH, 2x HAGON).		*4/31 fragments 1, 2 (Adela), 20a (Helpers Adela), 21 (Primal Teachings): '''verb starts with H-''' (2x HAGATH, 2x HAGON).
	* 4/31 fragments 1, 2 (Adela), 3, 4 (Frya's Tex): '''conjugation ending -ath''' (1x -at), both for plural and singular.		*4/31 fragments 1, 2 (Adela), 3, 4 (Frya's Tex): '''conjugation ending -ath''' (1x -at), both for plural and singular.
	* 3/13 fragments 7 (Laws 1), 18, (Laws 2), 25 (Liudgert 1): '''plural form ending -ON is spelled with -CH-: ACHON'''; the more common form is (H)AGON.2) Supported main verb		*3/13 fragments 7 (Laws 1), 18, (Laws 2), 25 (Liudgert 1): '''plural form ending -ON is spelled with -CH-: ACHON'''; the more common form is (H)AGON.2) Supported main verb

	* 1/33 fragment 9 (Minno): '''without 'TO'''': MÀN ACH WÉIZARJA. (In fragment 20b. LÉTA also lacks 'TO', but borrows from 20a. TO TELLA.)		*1/33 fragment 9 (Minno): '''without 'TO'''': MÀN ACH WÉIZARJA. (In fragment 20b. LÉTA also lacks 'TO', but borrows from 20a. TO TELLA.)
	* 5/33 fragments 9 (Minno), 16, 18 (Laws 2), 20a, 20b (Helpers Adela): '''verb does not end with -NDE''' (found 7x)''', -NA''' (found 4x) '''or -NE''' (found 17x), rather it is a basic infinitive: WÉIZARJA, SÉKA, FORMYDA, TELLA, LÉTA.The verbs more than once supported by ACHA are:		*5/33 fragments 9 (Minno), 16, 18 (Laws 2), 20a, 20b (Helpers Adela): '''verb does not end with -NDE''' (found 7x)''', -NA''' (found 4x) '''or -NE''' (found 17x), rather it is a basic infinitive: WÉIZARJA, SÉKA, FORMYDA, TELLA, LÉTA.The verbs more than once supported by ACHA are:

	* TO LÉTA(NE) (4x),		*TO LÉTA(NE) (4x),
	* TO WÉRANE/-A (3x) and		*TO WÉRANE/-A (3x) and
	* TO NVDANDE/ NJODANE/ NJVDANE (3x.)		*TO NVDANDE/ NJODANE/ NJVDANE (3x.)
	~~'''Fragments in the Oera Linda-book'''~~

			==Fragments ==
	1. [004/26] '''1b. Adela'''		1. [004/26] '''1b. Adela'''

Jan: Jan moved page ÁCHA to ACHA (ÁCHA): better sorting

2023-02-02T16:01:16Z

Jan moved page ÁCHA to ACHA (ÁCHA): better sorting

← Older revision	Revision as of 18:01, 2 February 2023
(No difference)