1974 The Franks - part - Revision history

Jan at 09:29, 2 August 2026

2026-08-02T09:29:25Z

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	:<small>Translated into English by John P. Wardle</small>		:<small>Translated into English by John P. Wardle</small>

	:<small>Printed in England by Historical Review Press</small>		:<small>Printed in England by Historical Review Press /</small> <small>Chapel Ascote, Ladbroke, Southam, Warwickshire</small>
	:<small>Chapel Ascote, Ladbroke, Southam, Warwickshire</small>

	:<small>Publication of the Foundation “The Northern League”,</small>		:<small>Publication of the Foundation “The Northern League”,</small> <small>P.O.B. 1796, Amsterdam, Netherlands.</small>
	:<small>P.O.B. 1796, Amsterdam, Netherlands.</small>

	===Author’s biography===		===Author’s biography===

Jan: Fourth period (768-814)

2026-08-02T09:28:35Z

Fourth period (768-814)

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	!Survey of political events!!Subjugation of the free Teutons!!Salient facts from the history of the West-Teuton conversion		!Survey of political events!!Subjugation of the free Teutons!!Salient facts from the history of the West-Teuton conversion
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	\|style="width: 33%"\|x		\|style="width: 33%"\|<big>768-814</big> — '''Reign of Charles the Frank.'''<br/><big>774</big> — '''Overthrow of the Langobard Kingdom.''' Their king, Desiderius, together with wife and daughter, is imprisoned in a Frankish monastery. Charles, king of the Franks and Langobards.<br/><big>778</big> — '''March on Spain.''' Charles conquers Pampelona, but is brought to a halt at Saragossa. His rearguard is wiped out in the pass of Roncevalles (Lay of Roland!). His great plans misfire.<br/><big>782</big> — Struggle against the Slavonic Sorbs in the Elbe region.<br/>'''<small>FIRST CLIMAX OF THE SAXON WARS</small>'''<br/><big>787</big> — Norse inroad on Wessex. Outset of the '''Viking raids'''.<br/><big>788</big> — '''Incorporation of Bavaria.''' Duke Tassilo, together with his two sons, has to take the monk’s tonsure.<br/><big>791-795</big> — The '''Avar War'''. Abortive plan for the laying of a Main-Danube canal.<br/><big>793</big> — Norse invasion of Northumberland. Lindisfarne laid waste. Followed by raids on Ireland.<br/><big>795</big> — Overthrow of the Avar ring. Establishment of the Spanish March.<br/>'''<small>SECOND CLIMAX OF THE SAXON WARS</small>'''<br/><big>800</big> — Norse raids on the coast of Gaul. '''Imperial crowning'''.<br/><big>804</big> — Fruitless negotiations with the Danish king Göttrick lead to a break-off of relations.<br/><big>808</big> — '''Göttrik’s conquests in the land of the Obotrites.''' After his withdrawal, building of the “Danewirk”.<br/><big>809</big> — Unsuccessful peace negotiations. Danish invasion of Frisia.<br/><big>810</big> — '''Göttrik meets Charles at Verden. His death.'''<br/><big>811</big> — Peace with Denmark.<br/><big>813</big> — Iona laid waste by the Vikings.<br/>
	\|style="width: 33%"\|y		\|style="width: 33%"\|<big>772</big> — '''First campaigns against the Saxons.''' Fall of the Eresburg.<br/><big>774</big> — Reprisal march of the Saxons into Hesse. Charles subjugates them anew.<br/><big>777</big> — Imperial diet at Paderborn.<br/><big>778</big> — Widukind unleashes, with the help of Frisians and Danes, a new uprising.<br/><big>779</big> — Battle of Bocholt. New subjection.<br/><big>782</big> — Annexation arouses a fresh rebellion. Battle of the Süntelgebirge. '''The Bloodbath of Verden.'''<br/><big>783</big> — '''General uprising.''' Battles at Detmold and by the river Hase.<br/><big>784</big> — Systematic destruction. '''Submission of Widukind.'''<br/><big>792</big> — A new and almost '''general uprising'''.<br/><big>794</big> — Partial reduction.<br/><big>795</big> — Devastation and partial depopulation of the Bardengau.<br/><big>796</big> — Punitive expeditions in Lower Saxony.<br/><big>797-798</big> New plundering raids and deportations, continued right into the winter.<br/><big>798</big> — Fresh rebellion. Laying waste of a wide area. Deportation of about 1600 athelings.<br/><big>799</big> — Renewed depopulations.<br/><big>804</big> — '''The last uprising.''' Wigmodia and North Albingia completely depopulated; the latter region given over to the Obotrites.
	\|style="width: 34%"\|z		\|style="width: 34%"\|The Anglo-Saxon '''Liafwin''' (Lebuinus d.775) preaches among the Saxons in the neighbourhood of Deventer from the beginning of Charles’ reign onwards. '''Willehad''' (b. roughly 735 and d.789), likewise an Anglo-Saxon, preaches at the same time, first among the Frisians in the Dokkum neighbourhood, later around Drenthe. '''Liudger''' (b. roughly 744 and d.809), hailing presumably from Zuilen, begins his missionary work in Deventer in <big>775</big>, preaches in West Frisia, and is sent to Dokkum in <big>778</big> as successor to Willehad. All these evangelists limit their activities to Frisia and the fringes of Saxon territory, where they operate under Frankish protection.<br/><big>772</big> — '''The Reaving of the Inminsul.''' Beginning of the enforced '''conversion of the Saxons'''. Charles converts partly by the sword, partly by persuasion, and partly by gifts.<br/>Jan. <big>774</big> — He resolves to underyoke the Saxons to Christianity, or failing that, to wipe them out.<br/><big>777</big> — At Paderborn, the Saxons are compelled to swear allegiance to the new teaching.<br/><big>780</big> — After the battle of Bocholt, Willehad moves to East Frisia and Dithmarschen at the king’s behest. At Ohrum, after having been baptised, the Saxons straightway throw their leaden crosses into the stream. The established bishoprics are given to Frankish church dignitaries, who in turn pass them on to former Saxon prisoners brought up in Frankish monasteries. The “''Capitulatio de partibus saxoniae''” exacts the death penalty for those failing to become baptised, for failure to keep festivals, for the burning of the dead, for hostility towards Christians etc. etc. Churchgoing and the baptism of infants are commanded, whereas all heathen practices are forbidden. The handing over of heathen priests and skalds is ordered. Introduction of church tithes.<br/><big>782</big> — The uprising under Widukind makes conversion at times impossible. Willehad has to flee out of East Frisia, Liudger out of Dokkum.<br/><big>785</big> — After Widukind’s downthrow, the work of conversion is reassumed. Willehad returns to East Frisia and, soon after, becomes bishop of Bremen (<big>787</big>). Liudger preaches in Groningen, afterwards in Westfalia, and in <big>804</big> becomes Bishop of Münster. Both men devastate and rob heathen halidoms.<br/><big>792</big> — '''Return of the Saxons to heathenhood.''' Churches burnt down, priests killed or driven away. Before this, converts have already been shunned by their kinsmen.<br/><big>793</big> — Start of the '''Norse raids on the centres of Christian missioning'''. Lindisfarne laid waste. Erelong followed by inroads into Ireland.<br/><big>795</big> — '''Beginning of enforced evacuation''', whereby, among others, the ''gau'' of Wigmodia, where Willehad has worked, is sorely stricken for a second time.<br/><big>797</big> — Alkwin writes that the Saxons are loth to baptism and crave preachers instead of plunderers (''praedicatores sed non praedatores''). in the “''Capitulare Saxonicum''” the ruthless legislation of <big>780</big> is mildened in some respects.<br/><big>799</big> — Alkwin still doubts whether Saxony was ever meant for Christianity.
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	[[Category:Sources English]]		[[Category:Sources English]]

Jan: Third period (c.700-768)

2026-08-02T08:16:27Z

Third period (c.700-768)

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	!Downfall of the Merovingians and rise of the Carolingians (''Arnulfings'')!!Subjugation of the free Teutons!!Salient facts from the history of the West-Teuton conversion		!Downfall of the Merovingians and rise of the Carolingians (''Arnulfings'')!!Subjugation of the free Teutons!!Salient facts from the history of the West-Teuton conversion
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	\|style="width: 33%"\|x		\|style="width: 33%"\|<big>714-717</big> — '''New civil war.''' Raginfried instals himself as house-mayor of Neustria; the borderlands become independent. Meanwhile, the regent Plectrudis and her stepson Kari vie for power.<br/><big>717-741</big> — '''Charles Martel as house-mayor.''' He rules for the time being without a king. Longlasting quarrel with Eudo, Duke of Aquitania. The smashing of many local despots.<br/><big>732</big> — '''The Arabs defeated at Poitiers.'''<br/>Charles refuses the Pope help against the Langobards and assumes an independent attitude towards the Church. Towards the end of his reign, the Pope strikes up an alliance with the Bavarians, whom he incites to apostasy. This betokens a temporary divergence from the Frankish-minded papal policy.<br/><big>741-747</big> — '''Carloman''' (enters a monastery after 746).<br/><big>741-768</big> — '''Pepin the Younger (the Short).'''<br/><big>741</big> — They quarrel erelong with their stepbrother Grifo which leads to a new falling-away of the borderlands — for instance Aquitania — (cf. 714).<br/>'''Close co-operation with the Pope.'''<br/>The reform of the Frankish church under the leadership of '''Boniface''' strengthens the papal authority. In Germany too, both powers work together.<br/>'''Attempt to introduce celibacy.'''<br/>The Frankish church remains a state church.<br/><big>751</big> — '''Pepin the Short anointed king''' by Boniface with the Pope’s consent.<br/><big>754</big> — '''Intervention in Italy''' to the Pope’s advantage. The founding of the Church State makes an Italian unified state impossible.<br/><big>759</big> — Pepin drives the '''Arabs''' out of Gaul (Narbonne).<br/><big>760-768</big> — He subdues '''Aquitania'''.
	\|style="width: 33%"\|y		\|style="width: 33%"\|<big>714</big> — Radbod joins up with the Saxons and Raginfried and reconquers West Frisia.<br/><big>726</big> — He defeats Charles Martel at Cologne.<br/><big>719</big> — '''Aldgisil II is forced to cede West Frisia for a second time.''' From there, ravaging raids into the rest of Frisia. Warmarches into Swabia.<br/><big>c.720</big> — ''Lex Alamannorum.''<br/><big>723-730</big> — Fresh resistance of Swabians or Allemans.<br/><big>734</big> — '''Duke Boppo defeated near the Boornzee'''. Frisia subjugated as far as the river Lauwers.<br/><big>741</big> — '''Uprising of Bavarians and Allemans''', assisted by Saxons and Slavs.<br/><big>743</big> — '''Battle by the river Lech'''; the Bavarians make peace, but the Allemans continue the struggle.<big>746</big> — '''The Massacre of Cannstatt'''; many thousands of Allemans murdered.<big>749</big> — The dissolution of their tribal dukedom.<br/><big>757</big> — Tassilo of Bavaria swears the vassal oath,<br/><big>763</big> — Tassilo breaks away from Pepin.
	\|style="width: 34%"\|z		\|style="width: 34%"\|[<big>678</big> or <big>690</big>?] — The preaching of '''Wilfried''' and '''Wigbert''' in the territory of the Frisians is fruitless. The first missionary journey of '''Willibrord''' is a failure. Hereafter, Willibrord is transferred by Pepin of Heristal to Antwerp.<br/><big>690-714</big> — After a second misfallen mission into free Frisia and into Denmark, he confines his preaching to the subjected territory.<br/>Perhaps at this point, Boniface is already his fellow-worker.<br/><big>714-719</big> — '''Heathen reactions'''. Radbod drives off the Christian priests and has their churches laid waste. Willibrord withdraws to Echternach.<br/><big>719</big> — '''The gospel-work is reassumed''', whereupon the free part of Frisia is reaved by fire and sword. Willibrord preaches, among other places, on the island of Walcheren. From Charles Martel he receives Trecht (= Utrecht), Vechten and many other endowments. '''The enforced “conversion” always runs abreast the cementing of Frankish authority and the claim to supremacy of the Pope.'''<br/>'''Boniface''' works more in the capacity of a '''church organiser and reformer''' than as an evangelist among the heathens. In the already half-converted parts of Germany he wipes out, with the backing of Frankish authority, not only the remnants of heathenhood but also the customs of the Irish Christians. He subjects by force the Irish prelates to the supremacy of the Pope.<br/>'''Review of his career.'''<br/><big>719</big> — The Pope entrusts him with the reformation of the Christian church in '''Thuringia'''. It is impossible to carry out this task without the support of worldly authority. Therefore, Boniface goes to join Willibrord in Utrecht, sojourns there for three years, and then sets out again for Rome where the Pope consecrates him '''bishop of Thuringia'''.<br/><big>722</big> — In Thuringia he comes up against a solid ecclesiastical community, and is quite unable to achieve anything without the use of force.<br/><big>732</big> — He preaches in Hesse (Donar’s Oak), becomes '''archbishop''' and, in 738, is given the task of reforming the Bavarian church. in his office of papal ambassador.<br/><big>738</big> — With the mighty support of duke Odilo he is able to fully suppress not only heathendom but also the Irish confession. The death of Charles Martel enables him to accomplish the same in '''Thuringia'''. Celibacy and the recognition of papal supremacy were introduced by force, and a so-called “'''Germanic'''” synod quells religious freedom in Southern and Central Germany. Therewith Boniface’s life-goal is reached! '''The Roman Empire is factually reinstalled and this renascent imperium forms a deathly menace for Germany.'''
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Jan: 2nd period c.600-c.700

2026-08-02T07:17:31Z

2nd period c.600-c.700

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	Round about the same time, the '''Bavarians''' are made tributary.		Round about the same time, the '''Bavarians''' are made tributary.
	From now on, Bavaria and Thuringia come under Christian dukes. (In Bavaria the Agilolfings, most likely a Frankish dynasty).		From now on, Bavaria and Thuringia come under Christian dukes. (In Bavaria the Agilolfings, most likely a Frankish dynasty).
	\|style="width: 34%"\|<u>1. The Conversion of the Franks themselves.</u><br/><big>496</big> — Chlodwig has himself baptised by Remigius. '''Political considerations''' overweigh in his conversion to Roman Catholicism. (Backing from the Church in his founding of the Great Frankish Kingdom. Treachery of the Roman Catholic bishops towards their Burgundian and Visigothic Arian masters).<br/><big>511</big> — In order to break the resistance of the free yeomen and of a part of the nobility, Chlodwig gives the priests leave to wipe out heathendom and assists them therein by endowment of land. Even so, Christianity had still made little progress at his death.		\|style="width: 34%"\|<u>'''1. The Conversion of the Franks themselves.'''</u><br/><big>496</big> — Chlodwig has himself baptised by Remigius. '''Political considerations''' overweigh in his conversion to Roman Catholicism. (Backing from the Church in his founding of the Great Frankish Kingdom. Treachery of the Roman Catholic bishops towards their Burgundian and Visigothic Arian masters).<br/><big>511</big> — In order to break the resistance of the free yeomen and of a part of the nobility, Chlodwig gives the priests leave to wipe out heathendom and assists them therein by endowment of land. Even so, Christianity had still made little progress at his death.
	Under the reign of his sons begins the '''savage destruction of all Germanic halidoms and symbols''' in which the State supported the priests with armed might.<br /><u><big>535</big></u> — The 2nd Synod of Orleans forbids the baptised to consort heathens, and brandmarks as work of the devil all things recalling the Germanic Age.<br /><big>c.550</big> — Erelong, a royal edict puts an end to the officially still recognised freedom of religion. The Germanic beliefs and its upholdery are outlawed; the destruction is ordered of all heathen symbols and halidoms, while pagan songs, holidays and dances are forbidden under pain of severe punishment.		Under the reign of his sons begins the '''savage destruction of all Germanic halidoms and symbols''' in which the State supported the priests with armed might.<br /><u><big>535</big></u> — The 2nd Synod of Orleans forbids the baptised to consort heathens, and brandmarks as work of the devil all things recalling the Germanic Age.<br /><big>c.550</big> — Erelong, a royal edict puts an end to the officially still recognised freedom of religion. The Germanic beliefs and its upholdery are outlawed; the destruction is ordered of all heathen symbols and halidoms, while pagan songs, holidays and dances are forbidden under pain of severe punishment.
	By dint of these measures, the Frankish kingdom loses more and more its Teutonic character. It has to rely increasingly upon its Romanic element — put on an equal footing by law with the Germanic! — while it becomes more and more a menace to its Germanic neighbours.<br/><big>c.650</big> — Nevertheless, it is noteworthy that heathendom only went out in Neustria round about 650, while it lasted on for centuries in Austrasia.		By dint of these measures, the Frankish kingdom loses more and more its Teutonic character. It has to rely increasingly upon its Romanic element — put on an equal footing by law with the Germanic! — while it becomes more and more a menace to its Germanic neighbours.<br/><big>c.650</big> — Nevertheless, it is noteworthy that heathendom only went out in Neustria round about 650, while it lasted on for centuries in Austrasia.
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	!Downfall of the Merovingians and rise of the Carolingians (''Arnulfings'')!!Subjugation of the free Teutons!!Salient facts from the history of the West-Teuton conversion		!Downfall of the Merovingians and rise of the Carolingians (''Arnulfings'')!!Subjugation of the free Teutons!!Salient facts from the history of the West-Teuton conversion
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	\|style="width: 33%"\|x		\|style="width: 33%"\|<big>613</big> — '''Arnulf of Metz''' and '''Pepin the Elder''' treacherously deliver their queen, Brunhilda, over into the hands of her arch-foe Lothar of Neustria.<br/>'''Entry of the Carolingians into History.'''<br/><big>613-628</big> — Lothar II reunifies the whole kingdom. His victory is essentially a triumph of the '''serving-nobility''', to whom [in <big>614</big>] at the diet of Paris he is forced to grant farreaching privileges.<br/><big>622</big> — '''Dagobert''', king of Austrasia; Pepin the Elder his majordomus.<br /><big>628-638</big> — '''Dagobert, in complete power.''' As the last deed-mighty Merovingian, he banished Pepin from his court.<br />Some years later, he appoints the latter’s son-in-law, Ansegisil, major-domus of Austrasia.<br />After Dagobert's death, begins for the Carolingians a '''time of vicissitude'''. The house-mayors of the three provinces feud among each other to the death, appearing now as the representatives of kinghood and now as the tools of the serving-nobility. For a time the Carolingians fade, even completely, into the background.<br /><big>687</big> — '''The battle of Tertri'''; Pepin of Heristal, a son of Ansegisil, defeats the house-mayor of Neustria and then has him put to death. '''Re-establishment of imperial unity.'''<br /><big>687-714</big> — '''Pepin of Heristal''' becomes house-mayor over the entire kingdom. He calis himself “duke and prince of the Franks”, and names his grandson of tender years as his successor, which gives rise to a new civil war.
	\|style="width: 33%"\|y		\|style="width: 33%"\|In connection with the weakening of the Frankish kingdom, it is not until towards the end of this period that a revision of the frontiers takes place. For the time being, it calls for the greatest endeavours to keep the border-lands under control.<br/><big>c.630</big> — '''Dagobert''' sustains a defeat at the hands of the '''Slavs''', so forcing him to make renewed concessions to the Austrasian serving-nobility (the nomination of Ansegisil!).<br/><big>689</big> — '''The battle of Dorestad.<br/>Radbod''' (679-719) '''has to yield Western Frisia''' from the Sincfal to the Flie.<br/>Pepin carries on the struggle against the '''Allemans'''.
	\|style="width: 34%"\|z		\|style="width: 34%"\|<u>'''2. The Irish-‘‘Frankish” mission'''</u><br/>The Frankish brand of Christianity is so lukewarm and superficial that the work of conversion among the heathens is soon taken over by aliens — the Irish. The secularisation of the Frankish priesthood causes their preaching to be directed in the first place towards those Christians dwelling within the kingdom; only later do the Irish turn towards the heathens in the off-lying lands. The so-called “Frankish” helpers, whom they find, are, for the greater part, native Romanics from Gaul.<br/>'''Further characteristics of this mission are:'''<br/>1. It does not emanate from Rome, but from a monkhood, independent of Rome, which has its base in Ireland.<br/>2. It forgoes thereby the support of the mighty Roman Catholic hierarchy, with which it at length clashes.<br/>3. Nonetheless, it preaches asceticism and penance and deviates only on minor issues from customs and teachings of Roman Catholicism.<br/>4. Although not averse to the use of force, it was supported less powerfully by worldly authority than the later Anglo-Saxon mission, and '''meets thus with less resistance'''.<br/>In the Frankish kingdom, the Irish monkhood reaches its peak of power at the '''Synod of Chalon''' which adopts certain basic principles of the Irish mission, such as penitence, confession and celibacy.<br/>In the dependent Germanic lands, Allemania, Bavaria and Thuringia, the preaching of these monks finds support among:<br/>1.The Romanic folk-remnants (in Bavaria called ‘“Walchen”), who had been left behind in the first two above-named lands;<br/>2. the bishoprics which had persisted in these lands from Roman times and<br/>3. the ruling ducal families (in Bavaria, the Catholic Agilolfings).<br/>In Thuringia, their evangelism is facilitated, moreover, by the moral aftermath of a crushing defeat (at Burgscheidungen, 531).<br/>The most outstanding of these Irish or “Frankish” gospellers are:<br/><big>615</big> — '''Columba''' (the Younger), and '''Gallus''', who preach among the Allemans around Lake Constance.<br/><big>c.630</big> — '''Amandus''', who, with the powerful backing of Dagobert, converts the Flemings.<br/><big>c.640</big> — '''Eligius''' who, as bishop of Noyon, preaches among Saxons and Swabians.<br/><big>c.680</big> — '''Kilian''', who appears in the Main region, and perhaps also in Thuringia.<br/><big>c.700</big> — '''Rudbert''', '''Emmeram''' and '''Corbinian''', who work in Bavaria.<br/><big>c.700</big> — '''Landibert''', who lays waste halidoms and idols in Toxandria (= Brabant), and<br/><big>c.730</big> — '''Pirmin''' who preaches, at a somewhat later period, among the Allemans.
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Jan at 17:58, 1 August 2026

2026-08-01T17:58:38Z

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	\|style="width: 33%"\|[<big>481-511</big>] '''Chlodwig'''<br/><big>486</big> — Syagrius defeated at Soissons.<br/>[<big>500-510</big>] — Forming of the Greater Frankish Kingdom.<br/><big>500</big> — The Burgundians beaten at Dijon; they become tributary.<br/><big>507</big> — The Visigoths beaten at Vouglé; the kingdom extended to the Garonne.<br/><big>511</big> — Partitioning of the Kingdom among Chlodwig’s four sons.<br/><big>532</big> — Total subjection of the '''Burgundians'''.<br/><big>558-561</big> — Re-unification of the Kingdom under Lothar I, followed by a new partitioning.		\|style="width: 33%"\|[<big>481-511</big>] '''Chlodwig'''<br/><big>486</big> — Syagrius defeated at Soissons.<br/>[<big>500-510</big>] — Forming of the Greater Frankish Kingdom.<br/><big>500</big> — The Burgundians beaten at Dijon; they become tributary.<br/><big>507</big> — The Visigoths beaten at Vouglé; the kingdom extended to the Garonne.<br/><big>511</big> — Partitioning of the Kingdom among Chlodwig’s four sons.<br/><big>532</big> — Total subjection of the '''Burgundians'''.<br/><big>558-561</big> — Re-unification of the Kingdom under Lothar I, followed by a new partitioning.
	'''Austrasia''' (=Eastland), '''Neustria''' (=New Austria) and '''Burgundy''' are from now on the foremost parts of the kingdom, while '''Aquitania''' becomes a separate and half-autonomous dukedom.<br /><big>561</big> — With the death of Lothar!I, the '''decline''' of the '''Frankish''' kingdom begins as a result of:<br />1. the repeated '''partioningings''';<br />2. continual and bloody '''family feuds''';<br />3. the increasing might of the '''serving-nobility''';<br />4. the frightful '''moral degeneration'''.<br />Long-lasting rivalry between Sigibert I of Austrasia, '''Brunhilda'''’s husband and Chilperic of Neustria, husband of '''Fredegunda'''.<br /><big>575</big> — Just as Sigibert seems to be winning in the brother-strife, which is breaking out, he is murdered by one of Fredegunda’s henchmen.		'''Austrasia''' (=Eastland), '''Neustria''' (=New Austria) and '''Burgundy''' are from now on the foremost parts of the kingdom, while '''Aquitania''' becomes a separate and half-autonomous dukedom.<br /><big>561</big> — With the death of Lothar I, the '''decline''' of the '''Frankish''' kingdom begins as a result of:<br />1. the repeated '''partioningings''';<br />2. continual and bloody '''family feuds''';<br />3. the increasing might of the '''serving-nobility''';<br />4. the frightful '''moral degeneration'''.<br />Long-lasting rivalry between Sigibert I of Austrasia, '''Brunhilda'''’s husband and Chilperic of Neustria, husband of '''Fredegunda'''.<br /><big>575</big> — Just as Sigibert seems to be winning in the brother-strife, which is breaking out, he is murdered by one of Fredegunda’s henchmen.
	Brunhilde has then to continue the struggle against the mighty Austrasian serving-nobility.		Brunhilde has then to continue the struggle against the mighty Austrasian serving-nobility.
	\|style="width: 33%"\|<big>496</big> — Chlodwig defeats the '''Allemans''' and partly subjects them.<br/><big>531</big> — Theoderic and Lothar, his sons, defeat the '''Thuringians''' and annex their territory.<br/><big>536 or 538</big>? — Theodebert, his grandson, completes the subjection of the '''Allemans''' (in Rhaetia), and probably also of the '''Thuringians'''.		\|style="width: 33%"\|<big>496</big> — Chlodwig defeats the '''Allemans''' and partly subjects them.<br/><big>531</big> — Theoderic and Lothar, his sons, defeat the '''Thuringians''' and annex their territory.<br/><big>536 or 538</big>? — Theodebert, his grandson, completes the subjection of the '''Allemans''' (in Rhaetia), and probably also of the '''Thuringians'''.

Jan at 17:58, 1 August 2026

2026-08-01T17:58:09Z

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	!Rise and downfall of the Merovingians!!Subjugation of the free Teutons!!Salient facts from the history of the West-Teuton conversion		!Rise and downfall of the Merovingians!!Subjugation of the free Teutons!!Salient facts from the history of the West-Teuton conversion
	\|- style="vertical-align:top;"		\|- style="vertical-align:top;"
	\|style="width: 33%"\|[<big>481-511</big>] '''~~Chiodwig~~'''<br/><big>486</big> — Syagrius defeated at Soissons.<br/>[<big>500-510</big>] — Forming of the Greater Frankish Kingdom.<br/><big>500</big> — The Burgundians beaten at Dijon; they become tributary.<br/><big>507</big> — The Visigoths beaten at Vouglé; the kingdom extended to the Garonne.<br/><big>511</big> — Partitioning of the Kingdom among Chlodwig’s four sons.<br/><big>532</big> — Total subjection of the '''Burgundians'''.<br/><big>558-561</big> — Re-unification of the Kingdom under Lothar I, followed by a new partitioning.		\|style="width: 33%"\|[<big>481-511</big>] '''Chlodwig'''<br/><big>486</big> — Syagrius defeated at Soissons.<br/>[<big>500-510</big>] — Forming of the Greater Frankish Kingdom.<br/><big>500</big> — The Burgundians beaten at Dijon; they become tributary.<br/><big>507</big> — The Visigoths beaten at Vouglé; the kingdom extended to the Garonne.<br/><big>511</big> — Partitioning of the Kingdom among Chlodwig’s four sons.<br/><big>532</big> — Total subjection of the '''Burgundians'''.<br/><big>558-561</big> — Re-unification of the Kingdom under Lothar I, followed by a new partitioning.
	'''Austrasia''' (=Eastland), '''Neustria''' (=New Austria) and '''Burgundy''' are from now on the foremost parts of the kingdom, while '''Aquitania''' becomes a separate and half-autonomous dukedom.<br /><big>561</big> — With the death of Lothar!I, the '''decline''' of the '''Frankish''' kingdom begins as a result of:<br />1. the repeated '''partioningings''';<br />2. continual and bloody '''family feuds''';<br />3. the increasing might of the '''serving-nobility''';<br />4. the frightful '''moral degeneration'''.<br />Long-lasting rivalry between Sigibert I of Austrasia, '''Brunhilda'''’s husband and Chilperic of Neustria, husband of '''Fredegunda'''.<br /><big>575</big> — Just as Sigibert seems to be winning in the brother-strife, which is breaking out, he is murdered by one of Fredegunda’s henchmen.		'''Austrasia''' (=Eastland), '''Neustria''' (=New Austria) and '''Burgundy''' are from now on the foremost parts of the kingdom, while '''Aquitania''' becomes a separate and half-autonomous dukedom.<br /><big>561</big> — With the death of Lothar!I, the '''decline''' of the '''Frankish''' kingdom begins as a result of:<br />1. the repeated '''partioningings''';<br />2. continual and bloody '''family feuds''';<br />3. the increasing might of the '''serving-nobility''';<br />4. the frightful '''moral degeneration'''.<br />Long-lasting rivalry between Sigibert I of Austrasia, '''Brunhilda'''’s husband and Chilperic of Neustria, husband of '''Fredegunda'''.<br /><big>575</big> — Just as Sigibert seems to be winning in the brother-strife, which is breaking out, he is murdered by one of Fredegunda’s henchmen.
	Brunhilde has then to continue the struggle against the mighty Austrasian serving-nobility.		Brunhilde has then to continue the struggle against the mighty Austrasian serving-nobility.

Jan at 17:57, 1 August 2026

2026-08-01T17:57:22Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:57, 1 August 2026
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	!Rise and downfall of the Merovingians!!Subjugation of the free Teutons!!Salient facts from the history of the West-Teuton conversion		!Rise and downfall of the Merovingians!!Subjugation of the free Teutons!!Salient facts from the history of the West-Teuton conversion
	\|- style="vertical-align:top;"		\|- style="vertical-align:top;"
	\|style="width: 33%"\|[<big>481-511</big>] '''Chiodwig'''<br/><big>486</big> — Syagrius defeated at Soissons.<br/>[<big>500-510</big>] — Forming of the Greater Frankish Kingdom.<br/><big>500</big> — The Burgundians beaten at Dijon; they become tributary.<br/><big>507</big> — The Visigoths beaten at Vouglé; the kingdom extended to the Garonne.<br/><big>511</big> — Partitioning of the Kingdom among Chlodwig’s four sons.<br/><big>532</big> — Total subjection of the '''Burgundians'''.<br/><big>558-561</big> — Re-unification of the Kingdom under Lothar I, followed by a new partitioning. / '''Austrasia''' (=Eastland), '''Neustria''' (=New Austria) and '''Burgundy''' are from now on the foremost parts of the kingdom, while '''Aquitania''' becomes a separate and half-autonomous dukedom.<br/><big>561</big> — With the death of Lothar!I, the '''decline''' of the '''Frankish''' kingdom begins as a result of:<br/>1. the repeated '''partioningings''';<br/>2. continual and bloody '''family feuds''';<br/>3. the increasing might of the '''serving-nobility''';<br/>4. the frightful '''moral degeneration'''.<br/>Long-lasting rivalry between Sigibert I of Austrasia, '''Brunhilda'''’s husband and Chilperic of Neustria, husband of '''Fredegunda'''.<br/><big>575</big> — Just as Sigibert seems to be winning in the brother-strife, which is breaking out, he is murdered by one of Fredegunda’s henchmen. / Brunhilde has then to continue the struggle against the mighty Austrasian serving-nobility.		\|style="width: 33%"\|[<big>481-511</big>] '''Chiodwig'''<br/><big>486</big> — Syagrius defeated at Soissons.<br/>[<big>500-510</big>] — Forming of the Greater Frankish Kingdom.<br/><big>500</big> — The Burgundians beaten at Dijon; they become tributary.<br/><big>507</big> — The Visigoths beaten at Vouglé; the kingdom extended to the Garonne.<br/><big>511</big> — Partitioning of the Kingdom among Chlodwig’s four sons.<br/><big>532</big> — Total subjection of the '''Burgundians'''.<br/><big>558-561</big> — Re-unification of the Kingdom under Lothar I, followed by a new partitioning.
	\|style="width: 33%"\|<big>496</big> — Chlodwig defeats the '''Allemans''' and partly subjects them.<br/><big>531</big> — Theoderic and Lothar, his sons, defeat the '''Thuringians''' and annex their territory.<br/><big>536 or 538</big>? — Theodebert, his grandson, completes the subjection of the '''Allemans''' (in Rhaetia), and probably also of the '''Thuringians'''. / Round about the same time, the '''Bavarians''' are made tributary. / From now on, Bavaria and Thuringia come under Christian dukes. (In Bavaria the Agilolfings, most likely a Frankish dynasty).		'''Austrasia''' (=Eastland), '''Neustria''' (=New Austria) and '''Burgundy''' are from now on the foremost parts of the kingdom, while '''Aquitania''' becomes a separate and half-autonomous dukedom.<br /><big>561</big> — With the death of Lothar!I, the '''decline''' of the '''Frankish''' kingdom begins as a result of:<br />1. the repeated '''partioningings''';<br />2. continual and bloody '''family feuds''';<br />3. the increasing might of the '''serving-nobility''';<br />4. the frightful '''moral degeneration'''.<br />Long-lasting rivalry between Sigibert I of Austrasia, '''Brunhilda'''’s husband and Chilperic of Neustria, husband of '''Fredegunda'''.<br /><big>575</big> — Just as Sigibert seems to be winning in the brother-strife, which is breaking out, he is murdered by one of Fredegunda’s henchmen.
	\|style="width: 34%"\|<u>1. The Conversion of the Franks themselves.</u><br/><big>496</big> — Chlodwig has himself baptised by Remigius. '''Political considerations''' overweigh in his conversion to Roman Catholicism. (Backing from the Church in his founding of the Great Frankish Kingdom. Treachery of the Roman Catholic bishops towards their Burgundian and Visigothic Arian masters).<br/><big>511</big> — In order to break the resistance of the free yeomen and of a part of the nobility, Chlodwig gives the priests leave to wipe out heathendom and assists them therein by endowment of land. Even so, Christianity had still made little progress at his death. / Under the reign of his sons begins the '''savage destruction of all Germanic halidoms and symbols''' in which the State supported the priests with armed might.<br/><u><big>535</big></u> — The 2nd Synod of Orleans forbids the baptised to consort heathens, and brandmarks as work of the devil all things recalling the Germanic Age.<br/><big>c.550</big> — Erelong, a royal edict puts an end to the officially still recognised freedom of religion. The Germanic beliefs and its upholdery are outlawed; the destruction is ordered of all heathen symbols and halidoms, while pagan songs, holidays and dances are forbidden under pain of severe punishment. / By dint of these measures, the Frankish kingdom loses more and more its Teutonic character. It has to rely increasingly upon its Romanic element — put on an equal footing by law with the Germanic! — while it becomes more and more a menace to its Germanic neighbours.<br/><big>c.650</big> — Nevertheless, it is noteworthy that heathendom only went out in Neustria round about 650, while it lasted on for centuries in Austrasia.		Brunhilde has then to continue the struggle against the mighty Austrasian serving-nobility.
			\|style="width: 33%"\|<big>496</big> — Chlodwig defeats the '''Allemans''' and partly subjects them.<br/><big>531</big> — Theoderic and Lothar, his sons, defeat the '''Thuringians''' and annex their territory.<br/><big>536 or 538</big>? — Theodebert, his grandson, completes the subjection of the '''Allemans''' (in Rhaetia), and probably also of the '''Thuringians'''.
			Round about the same time, the '''Bavarians''' are made tributary.
			From now on, Bavaria and Thuringia come under Christian dukes. (In Bavaria the Agilolfings, most likely a Frankish dynasty).
			\|style="width: 34%"\|<u>1. The Conversion of the Franks themselves.</u><br/><big>496</big> — Chlodwig has himself baptised by Remigius. '''Political considerations''' overweigh in his conversion to Roman Catholicism. (Backing from the Church in his founding of the Great Frankish Kingdom. Treachery of the Roman Catholic bishops towards their Burgundian and Visigothic Arian masters).<br/><big>511</big> — In order to break the resistance of the free yeomen and of a part of the nobility, Chlodwig gives the priests leave to wipe out heathendom and assists them therein by endowment of land. Even so, Christianity had still made little progress at his death.
			Under the reign of his sons begins the '''savage destruction of all Germanic halidoms and symbols''' in which the State supported the priests with armed might.<br /><u><big>535</big></u> — The 2nd Synod of Orleans forbids the baptised to consort heathens, and brandmarks as work of the devil all things recalling the Germanic Age.<br /><big>c.550</big> — Erelong, a royal edict puts an end to the officially still recognised freedom of religion. The Germanic beliefs and its upholdery are outlawed; the destruction is ordered of all heathen symbols and halidoms, while pagan songs, holidays and dances are forbidden under pain of severe punishment.
			By dint of these measures, the Frankish kingdom loses more and more its Teutonic character. It has to rely increasingly upon its Romanic element — put on an equal footing by law with the Germanic! — while it becomes more and more a menace to its Germanic neighbours.<br/><big>c.650</big> — Nevertheless, it is noteworthy that heathendom only went out in Neustria round about 650, while it lasted on for centuries in Austrasia.
	\|}		\|}

Jan: big

2026-08-01T17:55:55Z

big

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:55, 1 August 2026
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	[105-112]		[105-112]
	{\| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%;"		{\| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%;"
	\|+First period (c.500-600)		\|+<big>First period (c.500-600)</big>
	\|- style="vertical-align:top;"		\|- style="vertical-align:top;"
	!Rise and downfall of the Merovingians!!Subjugation of the free Teutons!!Salient facts from the history of the West-Teuton conversion		!Rise and downfall of the Merovingians!!Subjugation of the free Teutons!!Salient facts from the history of the West-Teuton conversion
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	{\| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto"		{\| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto"
	\|+Second period (c.600-c.700)		\|+<big>Second period (c.600-c.700)</big>
	\|- style="vertical-align:top;"		\|- style="vertical-align:top;"
	!Downfall of the Merovingians and rise of the Carolingians (''Arnulfings'')!!Subjugation of the free Teutons!!Salient facts from the history of the West-Teuton conversion		!Downfall of the Merovingians and rise of the Carolingians (''Arnulfings'')!!Subjugation of the free Teutons!!Salient facts from the history of the West-Teuton conversion
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	{\| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto"		{\| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto"
	\|+Third period (c.700-768)		\|+<big>Third period (c.700-768)</big>
	\|- style="vertical-align:top;"		\|- style="vertical-align:top;"
	!Downfall of the Merovingians and rise of the Carolingians (''Arnulfings'')!!Subjugation of the free Teutons!!Salient facts from the history of the West-Teuton conversion		!Downfall of the Merovingians and rise of the Carolingians (''Arnulfings'')!!Subjugation of the free Teutons!!Salient facts from the history of the West-Teuton conversion
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	{\| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto"		{\| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto"
	\|+Fourth period (768-814)		\|+<big>Fourth period (768-814)</big>
	\|- style="vertical-align:top;"		\|- style="vertical-align:top;"
	!Survey of political events!!Subjugation of the free Teutons!!Salient facts from the history of the West-Teuton conversion		!Survey of political events!!Subjugation of the free Teutons!!Salient facts from the history of the West-Teuton conversion

Jan: verdeling kolommen

2026-08-01T17:52:23Z

verdeling kolommen

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:52, 1 August 2026
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	===Comparative survey of the history of the Frankish kingdom and of the christianisation of the West-Teutons===		===Comparative survey of the history of the Frankish kingdom and of the christianisation of the West-Teutons===
	[105-112]		[105-112]
	{\| class="wikitable" style="~~margin~~:~~auto~~"		{\| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%;"
	\|+First period (c.500-600)		\|+First period (c.500-600)
	\|- style="vertical-align:top;"		\|- style="vertical-align:top;"
	!Rise and downfall of the Merovingians!!Subjugation of the free Teutons!!Salient facts from the history of the West-Teuton conversion		!Rise and downfall of the Merovingians!!Subjugation of the free Teutons!!Salient facts from the history of the West-Teuton conversion
	\|- style="vertical-align:top;"		\|- style="vertical-align:top;"
	\|[<big>481-511</big>] '''Chiodwig'''<br/><big>486</big> — Syagrius defeated at Soissons.<br/>[<big>500-510</big>] — Forming of the Greater Frankish Kingdom.<br/><big>500</big> — The Burgundians beaten at Dijon; they become tributary.<br/><big>507</big> — The Visigoths beaten at Vouglé; the kingdom extended to the Garonne.<br/><big>511</big> — Partitioning of the Kingdom among Chlodwig’s four sons.<br/><big>532</big> — Total subjection of the '''Burgundians'''.<br/><big>558-561</big> — Re-unification of the Kingdom under Lothar I, followed by a new partitioning. / '''Austrasia''' (=Eastland), '''Neustria''' (=New Austria) and '''Burgundy''' are from now on the foremost parts of the kingdom, while '''Aquitania''' becomes a separate and half-autonomous dukedom.<br/><big>561</big> — With the death of Lothar!I, the '''decline''' of the '''Frankish''' kingdom begins as a result of:<br/>1. the repeated '''partioningings''';<br/>2. continual and bloody '''family feuds''';<br/>3. the increasing might of the '''serving-nobility''';<br/>4. the frightful '''moral degeneration'''.<br/>Long-lasting rivalry between Sigibert I of Austrasia, '''Brunhilda'''’s husband and Chilperic of Neustria, husband of '''Fredegunda'''.<br/><big>575</big> — Just as Sigibert seems to be winning in the brother-strife, which is breaking out, he is murdered by one of Fredegunda’s henchmen. / Brunhilde has then to continue the struggle against the mighty Austrasian serving-nobility.\|\|<big>496</big> — Chlodwig defeats the '''Allemans''' and partly subjects them.<br/><big>531</big> — Theoderic and Lothar, his sons, defeat the '''Thuringians''' and annex their territory.<br/><big>536 or 538</big>? — Theodebert, his grandson, completes the subjection of the '''Allemans''' (in Rhaetia), and probably also of the '''Thuringians'''. / Round about the same time, the '''Bavarians''' are made tributary. / From now on, Bavaria and Thuringia come under Christian dukes. (In Bavaria the Agilolfings, most likely a Frankish dynasty).\|\|<u>1. The Conversion of the Franks themselves.</u><br/><big>496</big> — Chlodwig has himself baptised by Remigius. '''Political considerations''' overweigh in his conversion to Roman Catholicism. (Backing from the Church in his founding of the Great Frankish Kingdom. Treachery of the Roman Catholic bishops towards their Burgundian and Visigothic Arian masters).<br/><big>511</big> — In order to break the resistance of the free yeomen and of a part of the nobility, Chlodwig gives the priests leave to wipe out heathendom and assists them therein by endowment of land. Even so, Christianity had still made little progress at his death. / Under the reign of his sons begins the '''savage destruction of all Germanic halidoms and symbols''' in which the State supported the priests with armed might.<br/><u><big>535</big></u> — The 2nd Synod of Orleans forbids the baptised to consort heathens, and brandmarks as work of the devil all things recalling the Germanic Age.<br/><big>c.550</big> — Erelong, a royal edict puts an end to the officially still recognised freedom of religion. The Germanic beliefs and its upholdery are outlawed; the destruction is ordered of all heathen symbols and halidoms, while pagan songs, holidays and dances are forbidden under pain of severe punishment. / By dint of these measures, the Frankish kingdom loses more and more its Teutonic character. It has to rely increasingly upon its Romanic element — put on an equal footing by law with the Germanic! — while it becomes more and more a menace to its Germanic neighbours.<br/><big>c.650</big> — Nevertheless, it is noteworthy that heathendom only went out in Neustria round about 650, while it lasted on for centuries in Austrasia.		\|style="width: 33%"\|[<big>481-511</big>] '''Chiodwig'''<br/><big>486</big> — Syagrius defeated at Soissons.<br/>[<big>500-510</big>] — Forming of the Greater Frankish Kingdom.<br/><big>500</big> — The Burgundians beaten at Dijon; they become tributary.<br/><big>507</big> — The Visigoths beaten at Vouglé; the kingdom extended to the Garonne.<br/><big>511</big> — Partitioning of the Kingdom among Chlodwig’s four sons.<br/><big>532</big> — Total subjection of the '''Burgundians'''.<br/><big>558-561</big> — Re-unification of the Kingdom under Lothar I, followed by a new partitioning. / '''Austrasia''' (=Eastland), '''Neustria''' (=New Austria) and '''Burgundy''' are from now on the foremost parts of the kingdom, while '''Aquitania''' becomes a separate and half-autonomous dukedom.<br/><big>561</big> — With the death of Lothar!I, the '''decline''' of the '''Frankish''' kingdom begins as a result of:<br/>1. the repeated '''partioningings''';<br/>2. continual and bloody '''family feuds''';<br/>3. the increasing might of the '''serving-nobility''';<br/>4. the frightful '''moral degeneration'''.<br/>Long-lasting rivalry between Sigibert I of Austrasia, '''Brunhilda'''’s husband and Chilperic of Neustria, husband of '''Fredegunda'''.<br/><big>575</big> — Just as Sigibert seems to be winning in the brother-strife, which is breaking out, he is murdered by one of Fredegunda’s henchmen. / Brunhilde has then to continue the struggle against the mighty Austrasian serving-nobility.
			\|style="width: 33%"\|<big>496</big> — Chlodwig defeats the '''Allemans''' and partly subjects them.<br/><big>531</big> — Theoderic and Lothar, his sons, defeat the '''Thuringians''' and annex their territory.<br/><big>536 or 538</big>? — Theodebert, his grandson, completes the subjection of the '''Allemans''' (in Rhaetia), and probably also of the '''Thuringians'''. / Round about the same time, the '''Bavarians''' are made tributary. / From now on, Bavaria and Thuringia come under Christian dukes. (In Bavaria the Agilolfings, most likely a Frankish dynasty).
			\|style="width: 34%"\|<u>1. The Conversion of the Franks themselves.</u><br/><big>496</big> — Chlodwig has himself baptised by Remigius. '''Political considerations''' overweigh in his conversion to Roman Catholicism. (Backing from the Church in his founding of the Great Frankish Kingdom. Treachery of the Roman Catholic bishops towards their Burgundian and Visigothic Arian masters).<br/><big>511</big> — In order to break the resistance of the free yeomen and of a part of the nobility, Chlodwig gives the priests leave to wipe out heathendom and assists them therein by endowment of land. Even so, Christianity had still made little progress at his death. / Under the reign of his sons begins the '''savage destruction of all Germanic halidoms and symbols''' in which the State supported the priests with armed might.<br/><u><big>535</big></u> — The 2nd Synod of Orleans forbids the baptised to consort heathens, and brandmarks as work of the devil all things recalling the Germanic Age.<br/><big>c.550</big> — Erelong, a royal edict puts an end to the officially still recognised freedom of religion. The Germanic beliefs and its upholdery are outlawed; the destruction is ordered of all heathen symbols and halidoms, while pagan songs, holidays and dances are forbidden under pain of severe punishment. / By dint of these measures, the Frankish kingdom loses more and more its Teutonic character. It has to rely increasingly upon its Romanic element — put on an equal footing by law with the Germanic! — while it becomes more and more a menace to its Germanic neighbours.<br/><big>c.650</big> — Nevertheless, it is noteworthy that heathendom only went out in Neustria round about 650, while it lasted on for centuries in Austrasia.
	\|}		\|}

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	!Downfall of the Merovingians and rise of the Carolingians (''Arnulfings'')!!Subjugation of the free Teutons!!Salient facts from the history of the West-Teuton conversion		!Downfall of the Merovingians and rise of the Carolingians (''Arnulfings'')!!Subjugation of the free Teutons!!Salient facts from the history of the West-Teuton conversion
	\|- style="vertical-align:top;"		\|- style="vertical-align:top;"
	\|x\|\|y\|\|z		\|style="width: 33%"\|x
			\|style="width: 33%"\|y
			\|style="width: 34%"\|z
	\|}		\|}

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	!Downfall of the Merovingians and rise of the Carolingians (''Arnulfings'')!!Subjugation of the free Teutons!!Salient facts from the history of the West-Teuton conversion		!Downfall of the Merovingians and rise of the Carolingians (''Arnulfings'')!!Subjugation of the free Teutons!!Salient facts from the history of the West-Teuton conversion
	\|- style="vertical-align:top;"		\|- style="vertical-align:top;"
	\|x\|\|y\|\|z		\|style="width: 33%"\|x
			\|style="width: 33%"\|y
			\|style="width: 34%"\|z
	\|}		\|}

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	!Survey of political events!!Subjugation of the free Teutons!!Salient facts from the history of the West-Teuton conversion		!Survey of political events!!Subjugation of the free Teutons!!Salient facts from the history of the West-Teuton conversion
	\|- style="vertical-align:top;"		\|- style="vertical-align:top;"
	\|x\|\|y\|\|z		\|style="width: 33%"\|x
			\|style="width: 33%"\|y
			\|style="width: 34%"\|z
	\|}		\|}
	[[Category:Sources English]]		[[Category:Sources English]]

Jan: layout

2026-08-01T17:42:58Z

layout

@@ Line 49: / Line 49: @@
 !Rise and downfall of the Merovingians!!Subjugation of the free Teutons!!Salient facts from the history of the West-Teuton conversion
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-|[<big>481-511</big>] '''Chiodwig'''
+|[<big>481-511</big>] '''Chiodwig'''<br/><big>486</big> — Syagrius defeated at Soissons.<br/>[<big>500-510</big>] — Forming of the Greater Frankish Kingdom.<br/><big>500</big> — The Burgundians beaten at Dijon; they become tributary.<br/><big>507</big> — The Visigoths beaten at Vouglé; the kingdom extended to the Garonne.<br/><big>511</big> — Partitioning of the Kingdom among Chlodwig’s four sons.<br/><big>532</big> — Total subjection of the '''Burgundians'''.<br/><big>558-561</big> — Re-unification of the Kingdom under Lothar I, followed by a new partitioning. / '''Austrasia''' (=Eastland), '''Neustria''' (=New Austria) and '''Burgundy''' are from now on the foremost parts of the kingdom, while '''Aquitania''' becomes a separate and half-autonomous dukedom.<br/><big>561</big> — With the death of Lothar!I, the '''decline''' of the '''Frankish''' kingdom begins as a result of:<br/>1. the repeated '''partioningings''';<br/>2. continual and bloody '''family feuds''';<br/>3. the increasing might of the '''serving-nobility''';<br/>4. the frightful '''moral degeneration'''.<br/>Long-lasting rivalry between Sigibert I of Austrasia, '''Brunhilda'''’s husband and Chilperic of Neustria, husband of '''Fredegunda'''.<br/><big>575</big> — Just as Sigibert seems to be winning in the brother-strife, which is breaking out, he is murdered by one of Fredegunda’s henchmen. / Brunhilde has then to continue the struggle against the mighty Austrasian serving-nobility.||<big>496</big> — Chlodwig defeats the '''Allemans''' and partly subjects them.<br/><big>531</big> — Theoderic and Lothar, his sons, defeat the '''Thuringians''' and annex their territory.<br/><big>536 or 538</big>? — Theodebert, his grandson, completes the subjection of the '''Allemans''' (in Rhaetia), and probably also of the '''Thuringians'''. / Round about the same time, the '''Bavarians''' are made tributary. / From now on, Bavaria and Thuringia come under Christian dukes. (In Bavaria the Agilolfings, most likely a Frankish dynasty).||<u>1. The Conversion of the Franks themselves.</u><br/><big>496</big> — Chlodwig has himself baptised by Remigius. '''Political considerations''' overweigh in his conversion to Roman Catholicism. (Backing from the Church in his founding of the Great Frankish Kingdom. Treachery of the Roman Catholic bishops towards their Burgundian and Visigothic Arian masters).<br/><big>511</big> — In order to break the resistance of the free yeomen and of a part of the nobility, Chlodwig gives the priests leave to wipe out heathendom and assists them therein by endowment of land. Even so, Christianity had still made little progress at his death. / Under the reign of his sons begins the '''savage destruction of all Germanic halidoms and symbols''' in which the State supported the priests with armed might.<br/><u><big>535</big></u> — The 2nd Synod of Orleans forbids the baptised to consort heathens, and brandmarks as work of the devil all things recalling the Germanic Age.<br/><big>c.550</big> — Erelong, a royal edict puts an end to the officially still recognised freedom of religion. The Germanic beliefs and its upholdery are outlawed; the destruction is ordered of all heathen symbols and halidoms, while pagan songs, holidays and dances are forbidden under pain of severe punishment. / By dint of these measures, the Frankish kingdom loses more and more its Teutonic character. It has to rely increasingly upon its Romanic element — put on an equal footing by law with the Germanic! — while it becomes more and more a menace to its Germanic neighbours.<br/><big>c.650</big> — Nevertheless, it is noteworthy that heathendom only went out in Neustria round about 650, while it lasted on for centuries in Austrasia.
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